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DR   SOUTHWOOD   SMITH 


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i*>V,-./'v;'   tr/„/f,ll'n-/  I 


J 

DR  SOUTHWOOD   SMITH 


A    RETROSPECT 


HIS    GRANDDAUGHTER 

MRS    C.    L.    LEWES 


WILLIAM    BLACKWOOD    AND    SONS 

EDINBURGH     AND     LONDON 

MDCCCXCVIII 


All  Rights  reserved 


TO 

MY   MOTHER, 

CAROLINE    SOUTHWOOD    HILL, 

/  DEDICATE   THIS  MEMOIR 

OF 

HER    FATHER. 


1C57526 


PREFACE. 


It  is  now  nearly  forty  years  since  the  death  of 
my  grandfather,  Dr  Southwood  Smith,  and  with 
this  distance  of  time  lying  between  him  and  us, 
it  may  not  be  uninteresting  to  this  generation  to 
look  back  upon  the  origin  of  some  of  the  great 
social  reforms  which  have  now  reached  such  wide 
proportions,  and  to  see  these  reforms  as  gathered 
round  the  life  of  a  man  who  was  in  the  forefront 
of  the  noble  army  which  promoted  them. 

He,  one  of  the  first  to  seize  a  truth,  one  of  the 
most  indomitable  to  persevere  in  the  promulga- 
tion of  it  when  perceived,  went  straight  forward 
until  it  prevailed,  and  thus  became  instrumental 
in  conferring  some  of  the  widest  benefits  which 
have  come  to  us  in  this  century. 

From  his  great  grief  in  early  manhood  he  but 
emerged   the  stronger.      The  force  of  his   con- 


viii  PREFACE. 

densed  sorrow  produced  an  energy  which  carried 
all  before  it,  and  resulted  in  the  strength  of  his 
middle  age  and  the  serenity  of  his  latter  years. 
In  order  that  such  a  life — crowned  by  its  humility 
— might  not  pass  away  without  some  permanent 
record  of  its  nobleness,  the  following  memoir  has 
been  written. 

I  must  apologise  for  the  frequent  allusion,  in 
the  midst  of  grave  public  questions,  to  my  own 
recollections ;  but  since  all  the  early  years  of  my 
life  were  passed  at  my  grandfather's  side,  it  has 
been  difficult  to  avoid  this. 

Moreover,  I  have  hoped  that  something  pic- 
turesque and  touching  would  be  found  in  the 
relation  of  the  strong  man  and  little  child,  who 
worked  together  at  various  public  causes,  playing 
together  in  the  bright  intervals,  and  that  some- 
thing of  the  reverent  enthusiasm  he  inspired  in 
that  child  might  pass,  through  her,  to  those 
who  read  these  pages. 

GERTRUDE   LEWES. 


CONTENTS. 


INTRODUCTION. 

PAGE 

RECOLLECTIONS  OF  MY  GRANDFATHER  I 

CHAPTER   I. 

EARLY   LIFE,  1788-1820. 

Education.  Marriage.  Death  of  his  wife.  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity. Publication  of  the  '  Illustrations  of  the  Divine 
Government.'    Yeovil 7 

CHAPTER   II. 

FIRST  YEARS   IN  LONDON — DAWN  OF  THE  SCIENCE  OF 
MODERN  HYGIENE,  1820-1834. 

Appointment  to  Fever  Hospital.  'Westminster  Review' 
articles  in  1825.  Laws  of  Epidemics.  Principles  laid 
the  foundation  of  Sanitary  Reform.  Its  practical  im- 
portance. Devotion  of  himself  to  the  cause.  Parha- 
mentary  attention  attracted  to  articles.  Publication  of 
the  'Treatise  on  Fever,'  1830.  Its  phenomena,  treat- 
ment, and  causes.  Causes  the  most  important.  Con- 
tagious and  epidemic  diseases.  Universal  origin  of 
epidemics  stated  to  be  bad  sanitary  conditions    .        .       16 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER   III. 

LONDON  CONTINUED — LITERARY  AND  OTHER 
WORK,  1 820-1 834. 

*  Penny  Encyclopedia.'  The  Medical  Schools  and  dissection. 
Body-snatching.  Lectures — physiological,  forensic,  and 
popular.  Lecture  over  the  remains  of  Bentham.  Publi- 
cation of  the  '  Philosophy  of  Health  '     .        .        .        .        35 

CHAPTER    IV. 

WORK   ON  THE  FACTORY  COMMISSION,  1 833. 

History  of  Factories.  Laws  previous  to  1833.  Apprentice- 
ship system.  Appointed  Commissioner.  Description 
of  state  of  factories  in  1833.  Passing  of  the  Factory  Act. 
Subsequent  additions  to  Act.  Visits  to  see  result  of  its 
working     ..........       49 

CHAPTER  V. 

RISE   OF  THE   SANITARY   MOVEMENT,  1 837. 

Outbreak  of  fever  in  London.  Personal  inspection  of 
Bethnal  Green  and  Whitechapel.  First  Report  to 
Poor  Law  Commissioners.  Ventilation  in  crowded 
districts.  Overcrowding  of  children  in  workhouses. 
Second  Report  of  Poor  Law  Commissioners,  1839. 
Takes  the  Marquis  of  Normanby  (Home  Secretary)  to 
see  spots  reported  on  at  Bethnal  Green.  Takes  also 
Lord  Ashley.     Press  and  public  men  take  up  the  cause  .       60 

CHAPTER  VI. 

PHILANTHROPIC  AND  MEDICAL  WORK,  1840-1848. 

Children's  Employment  Commission,  Mines  and  Collieries, 
Improvement  in  the  condition  of  women  working  therein. 
Report  on  Trades  and  Manufactures.     Homes  of  eastern 


CONTENTS. 


dispensary  patients.  "  Sanatorium "  founded.  Letters 
from  Charles  Dickens.  First  model  dwellings  founded. 
Life  at  Highgate.  My  recollections  of  first  "  Health  of 
Towns  Association  "  Meeting.     Feeling  of  public  men    .      72 

CHAPTER  VII. 

THE  TEN  YEARS'  STRUGGLE   FOR   SANITARY 
REFORM,  1 838-1 848. 

Causes  of  delay.  History  of  the  sanitary  movement  at  this 
time  a  series  of  inquiries  and  defeated  bills.  "  Health 
of  Towns  Association"  founded  to  spread  knowledge 
and  guide  legislation.  Address  to  the  working  classes 
caUing  upon  them  to  petition  Parliament.  Final  passing 
of  the  Public  Health  Act 102 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

OFFICIAL  LIFE — GENERAL  BOARD  OF  HEALTH,  1848-1854. 

Appointment  to  the  General  Board  of  Health.  Letter  to 
Lord  Morpeth.  Work  at  Whitehall  with  Lord  Ashley  and 
Mr  Chadwick.  Cholera  epidemic  of  1848-49.  System 
of  "  house-to-house  visitation."  Lord  Brougham's  com- 
ments on  it.  Cholera  Report.  Quarantine  Report.  In- 
terment Report.  Attacks  on  the  Board  in  Parliament. 
Fear  of  centralisation.  Triumph  of  the  sanitary  prin- 
ciple, but  to  be  carried  out  by  local  authorities.  Lord 
Palmerston's  letter  of  thanks 127 

CHAPTER   IX. 

RETIREMENT  FROM  PUBLIC  LIFE — ST  GEORGE'S 
HILL,   WEYBRIDGE,  1854-1860. 

"  The  Pines,"  Weybridge.  Happiness  in  its  beauty.  Need 
of  rest.  Study  of  modem  physiology  for  new  edition 
of  the  'Philosophy  of  Health.'  Publication  of 'Results 
of  Sanitary  Improvement.'     Lectures  in  Edinburgh  on 


CONTENTS. 


"  Epidemics."  Visit  to  Alnwick.  Happiness  in  the  work 
of  his  granddaughters  Miranda  and  Octavia  Hill.  Ap- 
preciation of  former  fellow  -  labourers.  "  Recognition." 
His  words  of  thanks.  Joy  in  the  success  of  his  great 
cause 139 

CHAPTER   X. 

THE  SUNSET  OF  LIFE — ITALY,  1861. 

Visit  to  Milan.  Death  of  his  second  wife  at  "The  Pines." 
Florence.  Sunset  from  Ponte  Vecchio.  Last  illness, 
Death.     Porta  Pinti.     "A  Knight-Errant"    .        .         .147 

CHAPTER  XI. 

THE    AFTERGLOW. 

Spread  of  the  social  reforms  Dr  Southwood  Smith  origin- 
ated. Improvement  in  the  public  health  and  saving  of 
life.  Memorial  bust  in  the  National  Portrait  Gallery. 
Lines  upon  it.     A  people's  gratitude      .        .        .        .153 

APPENDICES. 

I.   LETTER     FROM     MR     TAYLOR,     ASSISTANT     RETURNING 

OFFICER  OF  THE  WHITECHAPEL  UNION        .  .  .159 

II.   RECOGNITION  OF  THE  PUBLIC  SERVICES  OF  DR  SOUTH- 
WOOD  SMITH 164 

INDEX  .  .  . 167 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PAGE 

PORTRAIT  OF  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH        .  .      Frontispiece 

{Frotn  a  chalk  drawing  by  Miss  Margaret  Gillies.) 

DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH  AND  HIS  GRANDCHILD  GERTRUDE 


OLD  WOMAN  CARRYING  COAL 
CHILDREN   AT  WORK. 
WOMAN  DRAWING  TRUCK       . 
CHARLES  DICKENS'S   LETTER 
DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH'S   LETTER 


Facsimile 
Facsimile 


FIRST  MEETING  OF  THE  HEALTH  OF  TOWNS  ASSOCIATION 
[From  an  old  print.) 


2 
72 

74 

74 

84 

104 

106 


VIEW  FROM  PORTA  PINTI,   FLORENCE,   1 86 1 


152 


DR   SOUTHWOOD   SMITH. 


INTRODUCTION. 

RECOLLECTIONS    OF    MY    GRANDFATHER. 

My  first  recollection  of  my  grandfather  is  of  him 
in  his  study.  As  a  little  child  my  bed  stood  in 
his  room,  and  when  he  got  up,  as  he  used  to  do 
in  the  early  mornings,  to  write,  he  would  take  me 
in  his  arms,  still  fast  asleep,  carry  me  down-stairs 
to  his  study  with  him,  and  lay  me  on  the  sofa, 
wrapped  in  blankets  which  had  been  arranged  for 
me  overnight. 

So  when  first  I  opened  my  eyes  in  the  silent 
room  I  saw  him  there,  a  man  of  some  fifty  years, 
bending  over  a  table  covered  with  papers,  the 
light  of  his  shaded  reading-lamp  shining  on  his 
forehead  and  glancing  down  upon  the  papers  as 

A 


INTRODUCTION. 


he  leant  over  his  writing,  and  the  firelight  flicker- 
ing on  the  other  parts  of  the  room. 

The  silence  and  the  earnestness  seemed  won- 
derful and  beautiful.  It  was  strange  to  watch  him 
when  he  did  not  know  it.  It  seemed  to  me,  then, 
that  he  had  been  working  so  through  the  whole 
night,  and  that  some  great  good  which  I  could 
only  dimly  understand  was  to  come  of  it. 

My  lying  quiet,  however,  did  not  last  long, 
for  I  knew  the  loving  merry  welcome  I  should 
have  when,  climbing — as  I  hoped  and  believed 
quite  unperceived — up  the  back  of  his  arm-chair, 
I  should  throw  myself  down  into  his  lap  with  a 
loud  cry  of  joy,  and  then  we  should  have  a 
famous  game,  until  either  he  persuaded  me  to  go 
back  to  my  blankets  to  await  a  rational  hour  for 
getting  up,  or  sent  me  up-stairs  to  be  dressed. 

These  two  things — the  intent,  absorbed  pur- 
pose, and  the  power  of  putting  it  aside  to  give 
himself  up  completely,  with  simple  delight,  to 
whatever  he  loved,  whether  to  a  child  or  to  the 
beauty  of  nature  —  are  the  two  that  seem  to 
me  specially  characteristic  of  him  in  all  that 
later  part  of  his  life  which  comes  within  my 
remembrance. 


Dr  Southwood  Smiik  and  his  grandchild  Gerintde. 


RECOLLECTIONS  OF  MY  GRANDFATHER.         3 

At  this  time  we  lived  in  Kentish  Town,  then 
field-surrounded,  he  going-  daily  to  his  consulting- 
rooms  in  Finsbury  Square,  returning  late  and 
giving  the  early  mornings  and  Sundays  to  public 
work.  These  hours  were  at  that  period  (1840  to 
1842)  chiefly  devoted  to  the  question  of  the  em- 
ployment of  children  in  coal  -  mines,  the  more 
deeply  impressed  on  me  because  the  report 
which  he  was  then  writing  had  illustrations 
showing  the  terrible  condition  of  people  working 
in  mines. 

I  remember  long  bright  Sunday  mornings  when 
he  was  at  work  endeavouring  to  remedy  these 
evils.  He  let  me  do  what  little  I  could,  such  as 
the  cutting  out  of  extracts  to  be  fastened  on  to 
the  MS.  report  with  wafers — and  very  particular 
I  was  as  to  the  colour  of  these  wafers !  Some- 
times all  I  could  do  to  help  was  to  be  quiet — not 
the  least  hard  work !  Yet  I  loved  these  still 
Sunday  mornings,  and  would  not  willingly  have 
been  shut  out  from  them  any  more  than  from  the 
afternoon  ride  which  came  later,  when,  perched 
up  in  front  of  him  on  his  own  horse,  in  the  little 
railed  saddle  he  had  devised  for  me,  we  rode 
along  the  lanes  towards   Highgate.     I   can  see 


INTRODUCTION. 


now  the  sunset  light  falHng  on  the  grass  and 
tree -stems  of  the  Kentish  Town  fields  as  we 
went  along. 

Then  came  the  day  when  the  Act  was  brought 
into  operation  which  was  to  regulate  the  employ- 
ment of  children  in  mines,  and  I  tied  blue  ribbons 
on  to  his  carriage  horses  and  thought,  with  a 
child's  hopefulness,  that  all  the  suffering  was  at 
once  and  completely  over.  "  Then,  now,  they  are 
all  running  over  the  green  fields,"  I  said. 

My  grandfather  let  me  think  it,  and  did  not 
damp  my  enthusiasm  by  letting  me  know  that 
this  happy  state  of  things  was  not  arrived  at  in 
one  day ! 

But  although  he  often  played  merrily  with  me 
and  entered  into  my  childish  joys,  my  grand- 
father was  endowed  with  a  most  earnest  nature 
and  with  a  firmness  of  character  which  was  very 
remarkable.  He  never  swerved  from  a  purpose, 
never  vacillated.  One  of  his  sayings  was,  "  Life 
is  not  long  enough  for  us  to  reconsider  our 
decisions." 

It  was  probably  this  quiet  determination,  com- 
bined with  his  unfailing  gentleness,  that  made  him 
inspire  so  much  confidence  in  his  patients.     I  can 


RECOLLECTIONS  OF  MY  GRANDFATHER.         5 

fancy,  in  a  house  where  illness  was  spreading 
anxiety  and  sorrow,  the  restfulness  there  would 
be  in  his  calm  presence,  and  I  can  remember  the 
faces  of  those — often  the  very  poor — who  used  to 
come  up  to  him  wishing  to  thank  him  for  the  life 
of  some  wife,  or  son,  or  child  which  they  said  he 
had  saved.  These  things  used  to  happen  in 
the  crowded  city  streets  or  courts,  and  sometimes 
in  parts  of  London  far  away^  from  the  place 
where  the  illness  had  occurred.  The  fact  that 
these  faces  were  generally  forgotten  by  him, 
whilst  his  was  so  well  remembered,  made  a  still 
more  beautitul  mystery  over  it.  It  seemed  to  me 
that  there  was  an  honour  in  belonging  to  one  who 
was  a  help  and  support  to  so  many.  Such  experi- 
ences must  be  familiar  to  those  who  share  his 
profession,  still  I  mention  it  as  being  my  strong 
childish  impression ;  and  even  now,  looking 
back  upon  his  life,  it  appears  to  me  that  he 
did  possess,  in  a  very  high  degree,  not  only 
the  power  of  healing,  but  that  of  soothing 
mental  suffering. 

It  was,  in  fact,  this  deep  sympathy,  joined  to 
his  remarkable  insight  into  the  relations  between 
effects  and  their  causes,  which  led  him  to  devote 


INTRODUCTION. 


his  life  to  the  promotion  of  sanitary  reform,  when 
once  it  had  become  obvious  to  him  that  all  effort 
to  improve  the  condition  of  the  people  would  be 
impossible  until  its  principles  were  known  and 
acted  upon. 


EARLY  LIFE. 


CHAPTER    I. 

EARLY    LIFE,    I788-182O. 

Thomas  Southwood  Smith  was  born  at  Martock 
in  Somersetshire  in  1788,  and  was  intended  by 
his  family  to  become  a  minister  in  the  body  of 
Calvinistic  dissenters  to  which  they  belonged. 
He  was  educated  with  that  view  at  the  Baptist 
College  in  Bristol,  where  he  went  in  1802,  being 
then  fourteen  years  of  age.  A  scholarship,  en- 
titled the  "  Broadmead  Benefaction,"  was  granted 
to  him,  and  he  held  it  for  nearly  five  years. 

But  in  the  course  of  his  earnest  reading  on 
religious  subjects  he  was  led  to  conclusions  op- 
posed in  many  ways  to  the  doctrines  he  would 
be  expected  to  teach  ;  and  when,  in  the  autumn 
of  1807,  from  conscientious  scruples,  he  felt  bound 
to  declare  this  to  be  the  case,  the  benefaction  was 
withdrawn.      If  we  consider  his  youth   and  his 


DR  SOUTH  WOOD  SMITH. 


limited  means,  it  is  clear  that  this  avowal  must 
have  cost  him  no  little  anguish.  He  was  at  this 
time  only  eighteen.  It  was  an  early  age  at  which 
to  have  been  able  to  make  up  his  mind  on  ques- 
tions so  momentous,  to  break  away  from  early 
and  dear  traditions,  and  to  face  the  displeasure 
of  the  Principal  of  the  college,  Dr  Ryland,  whom 
he  ever  revered.  But  honour  demanded  the 
sacrifice,  and  it  was  made. 

In  consequence  his  family  cast  him  off  at  once 
and  for  ever. 

During  his  college  career,  however,  he  had 
visited  much  at  the  house  of  Mr  Read,  a  large 
manufacturer  in  Bristol,  who  was  a  man  of  noble 
character,  and  at  that  time  one  of  the  leading 
supporters  of  the  college  ;  and  an  attachment  had 
sprung  up  between  the  young  student  and  Mr 
Read's  daughter  Anne.  This  lady  seems  to  have 
possessed  both  great  personal  beauty  and  much 
sweetness  and  strength  of  character ;  and  though 
she  in  nowise  changed  her  own  religious  opinions, 
she  yet  sympathised  deeply  with  him  in  his  earnest 
seeking  after  truth,  and  encouraged  him  to  risk 
all — position,  friends,  everything — rather  than  act 
against  his  conscience. 


EARL  Y  LIFE. 


Mr  Read  also  upheld  him  through  all  his  diffi- 
culties, and  in  the  following  year  sanctioned  their 
marriage,  which  brought  with  it  some  few  very- 
happy  years.  Two  children  were  born — Caroline,^ 
my  mother,  and  a  year  afterwards  her  sister 
Emily.2 

His  happiness  was  to  be  but  of  short  duration, 
for  in  1812  the  young  wife  died,  and  left  him 
alone,  at  the  age  of  only  twenty-four,  with  two 
little  children.  With  what  deep  grief  he  mourned 
her  death  his  early  writings  show,  but  he  met  it 
with  a  noble  courag-e  and  an  undiminished  faith. 

The  course  he  took  was  a  strong  one.  De- 
prived of  the  profession  to  which  he  had  looked 
forward,  cut  off  from  all  intercourse  with  his 
family,  and  having  lost  the  wife  he  so  devotedly 
loved,  he  resolved  —  leaving  his  two  children 
under  the  gentle  care  of  their  mother's  relations — 
to  apply  himself  to  the  study  of  medicine.  Thus 
he  entered  as  a  student  at  the  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity in  the  year  181 3. 

1  Caroline  Southwood  Smith,  married,  1835.  Mr  James  Hill. 

Children  of  this  ?narriage :  Miranda  Hill,  Gertrude  Hill 
(Mrs  Charles  Lewes),  Octavia  Hill,  Emily  S.  Hill  (Mrs 
C.  E.  Maurice),  Florence  Hill. 

2  Emily  Southwood  Smith,  born  1810,  died  1872. 


lo  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

At  first  he  lived  quite  alone  ;  but  finding  it  more 
than  he  could  bear,  he  returned  to  England  to 
fetch  his  eldest  child,  then  four  years  old. 

The  father  and  child  (my  mother)  went  from 
Bristol  to  Edinburgh  in  a  small  sailing  vessel, 
and  encountered  a  terrible  storm,  which  lasted 
many  days.  She  tells  me  that  she  still  remembers 
that  storm  of  eighty -five  years  ago,  the  thick 
darkness,  the  war  of  the  winds,  the  toss  of  the 
waves,  the  flash  of  the  lightning  illuminating  her 
father's  face ;  but,  most  of  all,  she  remembers  the 
feeling  of  the  strong  arm  round  her,  giving  the 
sense  of  safety. 

His  interest  in  religious  matters  at  this  period 
was  greater  than  ever ;  for  the  change  in  his 
opinions,  in  leading  him  to  take  a  more  loving 
view  of  the  Divine  nature,  had  increased  his 
ardour  for  the  truth,  and  his  own  personal  sorrow 
had  heightened  his  faith  and  made  him  wish  to 
carry  its  comfort  to  others.  As  well,  therefore, 
as  pursuing  his  medical  studies,  he  gathered  round 
him  in  Edinburgh  a  little  congregation  for  service 
every  Sunday.  The  sermons  preached  by  him 
then,  seem  to  have  an  added  depth  of  feeling 
when  we  know  the  circumstances  in  which  they 


EARLY  LIFE.  li 


were  given ;  and  the  following  words,  written  by 
him  at  this  time,  give  some  insight  into  the  calm 
sublime  faith  which  upheld  him,  not  only  then, 
but  throughout  life. 

"  Can  there  be  a  more  exalted  pleasure,"  he 
writes,  "  than  that  which  the  mind  experiences 
when,  in  moments  of  reflective  solitude — in  those 
moments  when  it  becomes  tranquil  and  disposed 
to  appreciate  the  real  value  of  objects — it  dwells 
upon  the  thought  that  there  is,  seated  on  the 
throne  of  the  universe,  a  Being  whose  eye  never 
slumbers  nor  sleeps,  and  who  is  perfect  in  power, 
wisdom,  and  goodness  ?  How  little  can  the 
storms  of  life  assail  his  soul  who  rests  his  happi- 
ness upon  this  Rock  of  Ages !  How  little  can 
death  itself  appal  his  mind  who  feels  that  he  is 
conducted  to  the  tomb  by  the  hand  of  the 
Sovereign  of  the  universe !  Yes !  there  is  a 
reality  in  religion ;  and  if  that  happiness,  which 
is  so  often  sought,  and  so  often  sought  in  vain — 
that  happiness  which  is  worthy  of  a  rational  being, 
and  which  at  once  satisfies  and  exalts  him — be 
ever  tasted  upon  earth,  it  is  by  him  who  thus,  in 
the  solitude  of  his  heart,  delights  to  contemplate 
the  idea  of  a  presiding  Benignity,  the  extent  of 


12  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

whose  dominion  is  without  Hmit,  and  the  duration 
of  whose  kingdom  is  without  end  !  It  is  a  feHcity 
which  our  Father  sometimes  sends  down  to  the 
heart  that  is  worthy  of  it,  to  give  it  a  foretaste  of 
its  eternal  portion." 

Much  interest  was  felt  in  the  young  pale  student 
and  his  little  girl.  For  all  this  time  my  mother, 
the  little  Caroline,  lived  with  him,  cheering  his 
home-coming  from  the  university  to  their  rooms, 
and  drinking  in  from  him  at  a  very  early  age — as 
I,  her  daughter,  was  destined  to  do  many  years 
after — lessons  of  self-devotion  to  great  ends. 

It  was  at  this  time  of  sorrow,  and  in  the 
intervals  of  medical  study,  that  he  wrote  his 
*  Illustrations  of  the  Divine  Government,'  the 
object  of  which  is  to  show  how  perfect  is  the 
Love  that  rules  the  world,  in  spite  of  that  which 
seems  to  clash, — pain,  and  sorrow,  and  wrong — 
all  that  we  call  evil. 

His  medical  studies  only  added  to  his  impres- 
sion of  the  great  Whole  as  one  perfect  scheme, 
for  he  felt  an  intimate  connection  between  the 
field  of  scientific  research  and  those  religious 
studies  to  which  he  had  formerly  devoted  him- 
self  exclusively.       This    is    shown   in    his    own 


EARLY  LIFE.  13 


words  in  the  preface  to  the  fourth  edition  of 
the   work,   which   was   published   in    1844. 

"The  contemplation,"  he  writes,  "of  the 
wonderful  processes  which  constitute  Hfe,  —  the 
exquisite  mechanism  (as  far  as  that  mechanism 
can  be  traced)  by  which  they  are  performed — 
the  surprising  adjustments  and  harmonies  by 
which,  in  a  creature  Hke  man,  such  diverse  and 
opposite  actions  are  brought  into  relation  with 
each  other  and  made  to  work  in  subserviency 
and  co-operation;  —  and  the  divine  object  of 
all — the  communication  of  sensation  and  intelli- 
gence as  the  inlets  and  instruments  of  happi- 
ness—  afforded  the  highest  satisfaction  to  my 
mind.  But  this  beautiful  world,  into  whose 
workings  my  eye  now  searched,  presented  it- 
self to  my  view  as  a  demonstration  that  the 
Creative  Power  is  ^^ infinite  in  goodness,  and 
seemed  to  afford,  as  if  from  the  essential  ele- 
ments and  profoundest  depths  of  nature,  a  proof 
of  His  love." 

This  book  came  to  be  a  help  to  many  of  all 
classes  and  creeds,  and  passed  through  several 
editions. 

He  was  often  urged  to  reprint  it  in  later  life, 


14  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

but  held  it  back,  wishing  to  modify  it  slightly. 
Not  that  his  opinion  of  its  main  principles  had 
altered  in  the  least  degree,  but  that  he  thought 
he  had  passed  too  lightly  over  the  sea  of  misery 
and  crime  that  there  is  in  the  world ;  he  thought 
there  was  rather  too  much  of  the  bright  hopeful- 
ness of  youth  about  it.  Sorrow  he  had  known, 
certainly,  in  the  loss  of  his  wife ;  but  the  sorrow 
that  comes  from  the  loss  of  one  who  was  noble 
and  good,  and  who  has  been  taken  from  us  by 
death,  is  of  quite  a  different  kind  from  that  which 
comes  from  a  closer  acquaintance  with  the  mass 
of  sin  and  misery  which  exists.  He  did  not 
change  his  view  that,  even  this,  rightly  under- 
stood, is  consistent  with  the  divine  benevolence ; 
but  he  wished  to  recognise  more  fully  its  exist- 
ence, and  to  enter  more  largely  into  the  subject. 
Having  completed  his  medical  studies  and 
obtained  his  degree,  the  young  physician  de- 
termined to  take  a  practice  in  Yeovil.  The 
following  extract  from  a  letter,  dated  August 
5,  1816,  addressed  by  him  to  a  friend  in 
Rome,^  shows  with  what  views  as  to  his  future 
profession  he  quitted  Scotland. 

1  The  Hon.  D.  G.  Halliburton.    : 


EARLY  LIFE.  15 


"  I  leave  Edinburgh  this  week,"  he  writes  ; 
"  I  leave  it  with  much  regret,  for  I  have  found 
friends  here  whom  I  shall  ever  remember  with 
respect,  affection,  and  gratitude.  I  go  to  Yeo- 
vil, a  little  town  in  the  west  of  England,  where 
it  is  my  intention  to  take  charge  of  a  con- 
gregation and  at  the  same  time  to  practise 
medicine.  This  double  capacity  of  physician 
to  body  and  soul  does  not  appear  to  me  to  be 
incompatible,  but  how  the  plan  will  succeed  can 
be  determined  only  by  the  test  of  experience. 

"  My  expectations  are  not  very  sanguine,  but 
neither  are  my  desires  ambitious." 

"  The  test  of  experience  "  proved  that  he  was 
admirably  qualified  for  the  double  office  he  had 
taken  upon  himself,  and  for  some  years  he  pur- 
sued faithfully  the  plan  he  had  made. 

But  this  quiet  country  life  was  not  to  be  his 
always.  It  was  decreed  that  he  should  come 
up  to  London  and  enter  into  its  teeming  life, 
to  think,  and  write,  and  labour,  until  he  had 
done  his  part  towards  lessening  its  mass  of 
misery. 


1 6  DR  SOUTH  WOOD  SMITH. 


CHAPTER    II. 

FIRST    YEARS    IN    LONDON DAWN    OF    THE    SCIENCE 

OF    MODERN    HYGIENE,     182O-1834. 

On  first  arriving  in  London  in  1820,  my  grand- 
father, who  whilst  still  at  Yeovil  had  married 
for  the  second  time  (Mary,  daughter  of  Mr  John 
Christie  of  HsTckney),^  settled  in  Trinity  Square, 
near  the  Tower.  He  soon  formed  a  considerable 
private  practice,  and  was  appointed  physician  to 
the  London  Fever  Hospital,  and  he  was  thus 
led  to  give  very  special  attention  to  the  subject 
of  fever.  He  also  held  the  offices  of  physician 
to  the  Eastern  Dispensary  and  to  the  Jews' 
Hospital,  situated  in  the  very  heart  of  White- 
chapel.  And  while  his  experience  in  the  wards 
of  the  fever  hospital  taught  him  by  what  means 
that  disease  can  most  frequently  be  cured,  his 
acquaintance  with  it  in  the  homes  of  his  East- 

^  Children  of  this  marriage:  Herman  Southwood  Smith,  born 
1819,  died  1897;  Spencer,  Christina,  both  died  in  childhood. 


FIRST  YEARS  IN  LONDON.  17 

end  patients  taught  him  more — how  it  might  be 
prevented. 

Almost  the  first  writings  bearing  on  what  came 
to  be  afterwards  called  the  "  Sanitary  Question  " 
are  to  be  found  in  the  pages  of  the  '  Westminster 
Review.'  In  the  two  first  numbers  of  that  Review, 
published  in  the  year  1825,  there  appeared  some 
articles  on  "Contagion  and  Sanitary  Laws."  These 
articles,  published  anonymously,  were  written  by 
Dr  Southwood  Smith.  It  must  be  noted  that 
the  word  "sanitary"  had  not  then  the  meaning 
it  has  in  these  days  :  sanitary  science  was  un- 
known, and  the  words  "  Sanitary  Laws "  had  a 
no  wider  signification  than  that  of  the  regulations 
of  a  quarantine  code. 

But  from  that  time  these  words  acquired  a  new 
meaning. 

In  the  articles  above  referred  to,  facts  were 
brought  together  which  had  been  collected  from 
the  writings  of  men  who  had  devoted  years  to 
the  study  of  pestilences  in  Spain,  in  various  ports 
of  the  Mediterranean,  in  Constantinople,  and  in 
the  West  Indies.  They  had  gone  where  epi- 
demics were  raging,  had  risked  their  lives  that 
they  might  increase  the  store  of  knowledge  about 

B 


i8  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

these  fearful  scourges,  and  might,  if  possible,  learn 
on  what  they  depend.  Amongst  these  men,  one 
of  the  most  distinguished  was  apparently  a  Dr 
Maclean,  of  whom  the  article  tells  us  that  "when 
he  was  in  Spain  in  182 1  yellow  fever  attacked 
Barcelona,  and  that  with  his  wonted  zeal  he 
hastened  to  the  spot  in  order  that  he  might  fully 
investigate  its  nature."  Dr  Maclean  is  spoken 
of  as  "  one  of  those  extraordinary  men  who  is 
capable  of  concentrating  all  the  faculties  of  his 
mind,  and  of  devoting  the  best  years  of  his  life, 
to  the  accomplishment  of  one  great  and  benev- 
olent object."  We  are  told  how,  "in  order  to 
demonstrate  what  epidemic  diseases  really  are, 
and  what  they  are  not,  and  to  put  an  end  to 
errors  which  have  so  long  and  so  universally 
prevailed  on  this  subject,  errors  which  he  believes 
to  be  the  source  of  incalculable  misery  and  of 
certain  death  to  millions  of  the  human  race,  Dr 
Maclean,  with  an  energy  scarcely  to  be  paralleled, 
has  devoted  thirty  years — a  large  portion  of  the 
active  life  of  man.  In  this  cause  he  has  re- 
peatedly risked  that  life,  and  for  its  sake  he  has 
encountered  all  sorts  of  suspicion  and  abuse."  ^ 
^  Westminster  Review,  1825,  p.  519. 


FIRST   YEARS  IN  LONDON.  19 

Generalising,  then,  from  the  facts  which  such 
men  had  collected  and  from  others  observed  by 
himself,  Dr  Southwood  Smith  endeavours  to 
establish  the  laws  of  epidemic  disease.  In  the 
first  place,  he  labours  to  prove  that  epidemic 
diseases  are  not,  in  the  strict  sense  of  the  word, 
contagious,  and  that  the  laws  which  epidemic 
diseases  observe  offer  a  complete  contrast  to 
those  which  regulate  contagious  diseases. 

"It  was  proved,"  he  thought,  to  use  his  own 
words,  "  that  the  symptoms  of  epidemic  diseases 
are  not  determinate  and  uniform.  They  vary  in 
different  countries  and  different  seasons — even  in 
the  same  country  and  the  same  season,  and  do 
not  succeed  each  other  in  any  determinate  order. 

"  That  epidemics  observe  certain  seasons — the 
periods  at  which  they  commence,  decline,  and 
cease,  hardly  vary.  For  instance,  the  plague  in 
Egypt  begins  in  March  or  April,  and  ends  in 
June  or  July.  All  epidemics  in  Great  Britain,  of 
which  we  have  any  record,  have  raged  in  the 
autumn. 

"  That  epidemic  diseases  prevail  most  in 
certain  countries,  in  certain  districts,  in  certain 
towns,  and   in   certain  parts  of  the  same  town. 


20  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

They  prevail  most  in  those  countries  which  are 
the  least  cultivated ;  in  those  districts  which  are 
the  most  woody,  the  most  exposed  to  particular 
winds  and  to  inundations ;  in  those  towns  which 
are  placed  in  low  and  damp  situations,  and  which 
are  unprotected  from  certain  winds ;  in  those 
streets  and  houses,  and  even  in  those  apartments 
of  the  same  house,  which  are  the  most  low  and 
damp,  the  worst  built,  and  the  least  sheltered. 

"  That  epidemics  commence,  spread,  and  cease 
in  a  manner  perfectly  peculiar.  They  arise,  for 
example,  in  some  particular  quarter  of  a  town, 
and  do  not  attack  the  other  districts  which  happen 
to  be  nearest  it  in  regular  succession,  but  break 
out  suddenly  in  the  most  distant  and  most  oppo- 
site directions.  People  are  attacked,  not  in  pro- 
portion as  the  inhabitants  of  the  affected  mix  with 
the  inhabitants  of  the  unaffected  places,  but  in 
proportion  as  the  inhabitants  of  the  unaffected 
expose  themselves  to  the  air  of  the  affected  places. 

"  That  the  termination  of  epidemics  is  peculiar, 
since  they  cease  suddenly  at  the  exact  period 
when  the  greatest  number  of  persons  is  affected 
by  them,  and  when  the  greatest  mortality  prevails. 
This  fact  is   inexplicable   under  the  supposition 


FIRST   YEARS  IN  LONDON.  21 

that  epidemics  owe  their  spread  from  person  to 
person.  To  suppose  that  a  disease  which  is 
propagated  by  contagion  can  rapidly  decline  and 
even  suddenly  cease,  just  when  most  persons  are 
affected  and  the  mortality  is  greatest — that  is, 
when  the  contagious  matter  is  proved  to  be  in 
its  most  active  and  malignant  state — is  utterly 
absurd. 

"That  epidemics  attack  the  same  person  more 
than  once,  and  that  relapses  are  frequent  amongst 
those  suffering  from  them,  whereas  contagious 
diseases  seldom  affect  the  same  individual  a 
second  time,  and  relapses  are  most  uncommon." 

From  all  this  it  will  be  clear  that  the  object 
of  these  articles  was  to  prove  that  all  epidemics 
have  their  origin  in  the  bad  sanitary  conditions 
(as  we  now  say)  of  the  places  in  which  they 
arise. 

It  happened  then,  as  very  frequently  happens 
in  all  sciences  when  the  time  is  ripe  for  a  dis- 
covery, that  those  working  in  different  fields  of 
observation  noticed,  at  the  same  period,  the  same 
facts — some,  as  for  example  Dr  Maclean,  in  their 
posts  of  observation  during  the  epidemics  in  dis- 
tant countries  ;  Dr  Southwood  Smith  in  the  fever- 


DR  SOUTH  WOOD  SMITH. 


haunts  of  London.  But  it  remained  for  him, 
collecting  together  all  the  experience  and  gener- 
alising from  it,  to  announce  the  law  on  which 
they  depend. 

Those  who  thus  arrived  at  the  great  principle 
of  the  connection  between  defective  sanitary  con- 
ditions and  disease,  laid  the  foundation  of  Sani- 
tary Reform.  That  connection  is  an  old  truth 
now, — one  of  those  about  which  it  is  difficult 
to  realise  that  it  could  ever  have  been  unknown 
to  the  world  ;  but  in  those  days  it  was  unknown 
and  unrecognised,  and  amongst  the  few  who 
began  to  recognise  it,  there  were  scarcely  any 
who  saw  to  what  wide  practical  results  such 
truths  ought  to  lead. 

My  grandfather,  however,  saw  that  if  the  prin- 
ciple were  once  established,  not  only  would  the 
quarantine  laws,  at  that  time  absurd  and  ineffi- 
cacious, be  modified ;  not  only  would  our  mer- 
chant ships  be  released  from  spending  long 
weary  months  in  unhealthy  ports,  while  their 
crews  were  perhaps  contracting,  from  their  con- 
finement, the  very  diseases  which  they  were 
supposed  to  have  brought  with  them  from  foreign 
lands ;    not  only  would  the  poor  sufferers  from 


FIRST   YEARS  TN  LONDON.  23 

plague  and  yellow  fever  cease  to  be  imprisoned 
in  the  poisoned  districts  whose  air  had  just  given 
them  the  pestilence  ; — not  only  would  th^s^  false 
precautions  cease,  but  the  true  ones  would  be 
taken  :  the  causes  of  disease  would  be  removed ; 
and  thus,  wherever  a  knowledge  of  this  law 
spread  and  was  acted  on,  disease  and  death 
would  diminish. 

Might  not,  he  thought,  something  practical 
be  done  now  and  here  if  these  facts  were  once 
generally  known  ?  Epidemics  throughout  follow 
the  same  laws.  Were  not  the  very  causes  which 
produce  plague  in  Egypt  operating  now  to  produce 
typhus  fever  in  Bethnal  Green  and  Whitechapel  ? 
We  might  not  be  able  to  stop  the  pestilential, 
moisture  -  laden  wind  that  came  down  to  Cairo 
each  year  at  the  time  of  the  inundation  of  the 
Nile,  but  could  we  not  do  something  towards 
purifying  that  which  crept  into  the  rooms  of  our 
own  poor  from  undrained  courts  and  stagnant 
pools  ?  Could  we  not,  if  people  once  believed 
and  acted  on  their  belief,  banish  the  yearly 
epidemic  fever  from  the  back  -  streets  of  our 
large  towns  ? 

Dr  Southwood  Smith  believed  that  this  great 


24  .  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

result  would  follow  from  the  general  acceptance 
of  the  truth  of  the  principle  he  had  announced. 
He  gave  his  life  to  spreading  the  knowledge  of  it. 

By  the  articles  in  the  '  Westminster  Review ' 
something  was  done  towards  enlightening  the 
public  mind,  for  I  find  that  they  attracted  the 
attention  of  leading  men  in  and  out  of  Parliament, 
and  were  often  referred  to  in  the  debates  in  both 
Houses. 

Five  years  more  of  daily  experience  and  con- 
stant thought  passed  before  his  '  Treatise  on 
Fever*  was  published.^  It  entered  fully  into 
all  the  phenomena  of  the  disease  and  into  the 
question  of  its  treatment.  It  added  largely  to 
the  knowledge  of  fever  existing  at  that  time,  and 
was  welcomed  by  the  medical  profession.  '  The 
Medico-Chirurgical  Review,'  the  highest  author- 
ity of  that  day,  pronounced  it  to  be  "  the  best 
work  on  Fever  that  ever  flowed  from  the  pen 
of  physician  in  any  age  or  country."  It  was  for 
a  long  time  the  standard  work  on  the  subject 
with  which  it  dealt.  The  most  important  part  of 
the  work,  however,  as  might  be  expected,  is  that 
which  relates,  not  to  the  treatment  of  disease 
^  Longmans,  1830. 


FIRST  YEARS  IN  LONDON.  25 

(which  has  since  his  time  much  changed)  but 
to  its  causes.  And  here  we  find  an  elaboration  of 
the  principles  laid  down  five  years  before  in  his 
articles  in  the  'Westminster  Review.'  Those 
articles  had  been  the  result  of  a  rapid  glance 
which  had  gone  to  the  very  root  of  things, 
though  when  they  were  written  their  writer  had 
held  his  position  at  the  Fever  Hospital  for  one 
year  only,  and  had  therefore  not  acquired  the 
large  experience  of  fever  which  he  subsequently 
attained.  But  the  five  years  that  had  passed 
since  they  were  written  could  not  change  — 
could  only  strengthen  —  his  conviction  of  the 
truth  of  the  principles  which  he  had  previously 
expounded. 

In  the  '  Treatise  on  Fever,'  as  In  the  articles 
just  quoted,  it  is  enforced  upon  us,  that  since 
epidemics  are  everywhere  the  same,  when  they 
reach  our  own  country  we  must  expect  to  find 
conditions  similar  to  those  which  produce  pesti- 
lence in  foreign  countries.  He  writes  as  fol- 
lows : — 

**  The  room  of  a  fever  patient,  in  a  small  and 
heated  apartment  of  London,  with  no  perflation  of 
fresh  air,  is  perfectly  analogous  to  a  stagnant  pool 


26  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

in  Ethiopia  full  of  the  bodies  of  dead  locusts.  The 
poison  generated  in  both  cases  is  the  same  ;  the  dif- 
ference is  merely  in  the  degree  of  its  potency.  Na- 
ture with  her  burtiing  su7i,  her  stilled  and  pent-up 
wind,  her  stagnant  and  teeming  marsh,  manufac- 
tures plague  on  a  large  and  fearful  scale.  Poverty 
in  her  hut,  covered  with  her  rags,  surrou7ided  by 
her  filth,  striving  with  all  her  might  to  keep  out 
the  pure  air  and  to  increase  the  heat,  imitates 
Nature  but  too  successfully ;  the  process  and  the 
product  are  the  same,  the  only  difference  is  in  the 
magnitude  of  the  result.  Pemcry  and  ignorance 
can  thus,  at  any  time  and  in  any  place,  create  a 
mortal  plague.''  ^ 

Dr  Southwood  Smith  has  been  accused  of 
ignoring  the  fact  that  those  suffering  from  fever 
can  communicate  the  disease  to  others — of  "  infec- 
tion," as  it  is  called.  But  he  did  not.  He  shows, 
on  the  contrary,  that  the  atmosphere  of  a  room 
such  as  that  spoken  of  in  the  passage  just  quoted 
must  have  the  power  of  inducing  fever  in  others 
besides  the  patient.  He  even  says  that  "  the 
poison  formed  by  the  exhalations  given  off  from 
the  living  bodies  of  those  affected  by  fever  is  by 
^  Treatise  on  Fever,  p.  324. 


FIRST   YEARS  IN  LONDON.  27 

far  the  most  potent  febrile  poison  derived  from 
animal  origin." 

Then,  it  might  be  asked,  of  what  consequence 
is  it  to  insist  on  the  disease  being  non-contagious  ? 
If  fever-patients  can  give  fever  to  others,  it  is  a 
mere  matter  of  words  whether  you  choose  to  call 
it  "  contagious  "  or  "  infectious." 

It  is,  however,  of  the  utmost  consequence  to 
fix  the  attention  on  the  difference  ;  because,  if  that 
is  done,  the  real  seat  of  the  danger  will  be  clearly 
seen,  and  those  whose  duty  it  is  to  enter  the 
rooms  of  the  sick  will  know  that  their  danger 
rarely  lies  in  touching  the  patient,  and  may  be 
prevented  by  abundance  of  fresh  air  and  scru- 
pulous cleanliness. 

In  order  to  emphasise  this  side  of  the  truth 
my  grandfather  wrote  as  follows  (and,  though 
it  may  seem  to  require  qualification,  the  general 
truth  of  his  remark  will  be  admitted  by  all) :  "  No 
fever  produced  by  contamination  of  the  air  can  be 
communicated  to  others  in  a  pure  air  —  there 
never  was  an  instance  of  such  communication." 

The  form  of  poison  given  off  from  a  fever 
patient  is,  besides,  not  so  much  to  be  feared 
as  other  forms  of  that  poison,   because,   though 


28  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

it  is  potent,  it  has  not  a  wide  range ;  when 
let  out  into  the  fresh  air,  it  is  so  far  diluted 
that  its  power  is  reduced  to  a  minimum. 

An  epidemic,  he  asserts,  can  only  arise  from 
some  cause  sufficient  to  affect  a  whole  district. 
Continually  we  are  brought  back  to  observe  this 
universal  cause  of  fevers ;  to  see  that,  whether 
in  the  sudden  falling  off  of  an  army  to  half  its 
numbers,  or  in  the  prostration  of  a  whole  ship's 
crew  on  approaching  shore,  or  in  the  plague  de- 
vastating Cairo,  this  one  source  may  be  traced 
as  the  true  one.  Bad  air  comes  from  the  marsh 
near  which  the  army  is  stationed ;  bad  air,  poi- 
soned by  decaying  vegetation,  comes  off  shore 
to  the  ship ;  bad  air  enters  the  houses  of  Cairo. 
We  are  shown  that  Cairo  is  the  birthplace  of  the 
plague,  because  it  is  a  city  crowded  with  a  poor 
population ;  because  it  is  built  with  close  and 
narrow  streets ;  because  it  is  situated  in  the 
midst  of  a  sandy  plain  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain, which  keeps  off  the  wind,  and  is  therefore 
exposed  to  stifling  heat ;  and,  above  all,  because 
it  has  a  great  canal  which,  though  filled  with 
water  at  the  inundation  of  the  Nile,  becomes 
dry  as   the  river  gets  lower,   and  thus  emits  an 


FIRST  YEARS  IN  LONDON.  29 

intolerable  smell  from  the  mud  and  from  the 
offensive  matter  that  is  thrown  into  it. 

Besides  being  thus  shown  that,  in  all  places 
in  which  epidemics  appear,  some  sanitary  defect 
may  be  found,  we  are  shown  that  they  come 
back  and  back  to  the  same  places,  and  that,  if 
these  defects  are  removed,  the  epidemics  will 
not  return.  So  we  are  led  on  to  the  great  idea 
that  they  are  preventible. 

The  facts  advanced  to  prove  these  principles 
have  not,  of  course,  the  wide  range,  the  distinct 
statistical  exactness,  of  those  which  the  further 
progress  of  sanitary  science  has  now  enabled 
people  to  bring  forward  ;  but  it  is  very  inter- 
esting to  see  how  all  further  advance  has  been 
but  a  development  of  the  principles  brought 
forward  in  this  'Treatise  on  Fever,'  just  as  it 
was  itself  but  a  development  of  those  brought 
forward  five  years  before.  Hardly  any  investi- 
gations had  yet  been  made,  but  the  results 
which  research  would  bring  to  light  are  here 
foreshadowed.  Even  the  direction  which  such 
research  would  take  is  indicated,  for  we  are  told, 
at  the  end  of  the  chapter  which  treats  of  the 
**  Causes  of  Fever,"  that — 


30  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

"Further  inquiries  are  necessary  —  such  as, 
whether  the  vegetable  and  animal  poisons  we 
have  been  considering  be  the  only  true,  excit- 
ing cause  of  fever ;  ^  by  what  means  its  gen- 
eral diffusion  is  effected  ;  on  what  conditions  its 
propagation  depends ;  by  what  measures  its  ex- 
tension may  be  checked  and  its  power  dimin- 
ished or  destroyed  ;  what  circumstances  in  the 
modes  of  life,  in  the  habits  of  society,  in  the 
structure  of  houses,  in  the  condition  of  the 
public  streets  and  common  sewers,  in  the  state 
of  the  soil  over  large  districts  of  the  country 
as  influenced  by  the  mode  of  agriculture,  drain- 
age, and  so  on,  favour  or  check  the  origin  and 
propagation  of  this  great  curse  of  civilised,  no 
less  than  of  uncivilised,  man." 

Not  a  mere  article  or  book  contained  the  result 
of  such  inquiries.  They  occupied  the  greater  part 
of  his  life,  and  that  of  many  others.  Their  out- 
come is  the  present  state  of  sanitary  knowledge. 

If  some  people  think  there  was  nothing  new 
in    the   view    of    epidemics    insisted   on    in   this 

1  Modern  investigations  have  proved,  for  instance,  that  con- 
taminated water  or  milk  will  produce  an  epidemic  as  well  as 
contaminated  air.  But  all  these  poisons  arise  from  bad  sani- 
tary conditions. — G.  L. 


FIRST  YEARS  IN  LONDON.  31 

Treatise,  they  have  only  to  see  what  was  the 
common  opinion  at  that  time  amongst  medical 
men.  A  few  shared  the  writer's  opinions,  but 
the  majority  of  EngHsh  physicians  then  cer- 
tainly took  quite  the  opposite  view.  When 
Asiatic  cholera  first  broke  out  in  1831,  it  was 
of  no  avail  that  the  physicians  of  Bengal  had 
declared  unanimously  that  "the  attempt  to  pre- 
vent the  introduction  of  cholera  by  a  rigorous 
quarantine  had  always  and  utterly  failed " ;  it 
was  of  no  avail  that  the  articles  on  "  Quaran- 
tine Laws "  had,  six  years  before,  urged  the 
same  truth ;  the  London  College  of  Physicians 
issued,  notwithstanding,  a  notification  that,  wher- 
ever cholera  appeared,  the  sick  should  be  col- 
lected together  in  houses,  which  should  be 
marked  conspicuously  Sick ;  and  that,  even 
after  the  sufferers  had  been  removed,  and  the 
houses  purified.  Caution  should  be  marked  on 
them.  That  the  dead  from  cholera  should  be 
buried  in  separate  ground  ;  that  food  to  be  de- 
livered at  a  house  where  any  one  was  sick 
should  be  placed  outside,  and  only  taken  in 
when  the  person  who  brought  it  had  gone 
away ;  and  that  no  one  who  had  communicated 


DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH, 


with    a    cholera    patient    should,    during    twenty- 
days  after,  communicate  with   the  healthy. 

If  cholera  resisted  all  these  precautions,  and 
became  fatal  in  the  terrific  way  it  had  done  in 
other  countries,  the  authorities  announced  "  that 
it  might  become  necessary  to  draw  a  strong  body 
of  troops  or  police  round  the  affected  places." 

This  proclamation  of  the  physicians  of  1831 
was  published  throughout  the  land  in  the  form 
of  an  Order  of  the  King  in  Council.  It  might 
have  been  more  to  the  purpose  to  have  cleansed 
the  affected  town. 

"  But,"  says  Mr  Howell,^  "  the  strong  good 
sense  of  the  public  averted  many  of  the  mis- 
chiefs which  these  scientific  advisers  would 
have  produced  had  their  counsels  been  carried 
into  execution.  The  preventive  measures,  which 
were  eventually  adopted  by  them,  consisted  in 
prohibiting  intercourse  between  one  town  and 
another  by  sea,  and  permitting  it  by  land  :  thus 
communication  between  London  and  Edinburgh 
by  stage-coach  was  perfectly  free  and  unin- 
terrupted, while  communication  between  those 
capitals  by  sea  was  prohibited  with  such  rigour 

^  Origin  and  Progress  of  Sanitary  Reform.    T.  Jones  Howell. 


FIRST  YEARS  IN  LONDON.  33 

that  no  interest,  however  powerful,  could  pro- 
cure an  exemption!  Francis  Jeffrey  —  at  this 
time  holding  the  high  office  of  Lord  Advocate 
of  Scotland,  and  whose  influence  from  his  per- 
sonal and  official  connections  was  very  great — 
was  unable  to  obtain  permission  for  his  faithful 
servant,  in  the  last  stage  of  dropsy,  to  go  from 
London  to  Leith  by  water,  lest  he  should  carry 
with  him  to  his  native  country  by  that  mode  of 
conveyance,  not  the  dropsy  which  he  had,  but 
the  cholera  which  he  had  not. 

"  '  You  will  be  sorry,'  writes  Jeffrey  to  Miss 
Cockburn,  'to  hear  that  poor  old  Fergus  is  so 
ill  that  I  fear  he  will  die  very  soon.  I  have 
made  great  efforts  to  get  him  shipped  off  to 
Scotland,  where  he  wishes  much  to  go  ;  but 
the  quarantine  regulations  are  so  absurdly  severe 
that,  in  spite  of  all  my  influence  with  the  Privy 
Council,  I  have  not  been  able  to  get  a  passage 
for  him,  and  he  is  quite  tenable  to  travel  by 
land,  ...  He  has  decided  water  in  the  chest 
and  swelling  in  all  his  limbs.  The  doctors  say  he 
may  die  any  day,  and  that  it  is  scarcely  possible 
he  can  recover.'  "^ 

^  Cockburn's  Life  of  Jeffrey,  ii.  247. 
C 


34  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

Mr  Howell  adds  that  these  examples  are  not 
adduced  for  the  purpose  of  casting  obloquy  on 
the  eminent  physicians  of  that  day,  who  vainly 
endeavoured  to  reduce  to  practice  in  the  nine- 
teenth century  the  standard,  but  obsolete,  doc- 
trines taught  almost  universally  in  the  medical 
schools,  but  solely  for  the  purpose  of  displaying 
the  state  of  the  science  of  Public  Health  in  the 
year  1831-32,  as  far  as  the  physicians  of  highest 
reputation  and  largest  practice  may  be  taken  as 
its  exponents. 

It  need  hardly  be  said  that  it  is  with  this 
purpose  only  that  these  facts  are  again  cited 
here. 


LITERARY  AND   OTHER    WORK.  35 


CHAPTER    III. 

LONDON   CONTINUED LITERARY   AND   OTHER  WORK, 

182O-1834. 

The  '  Treatise  on  Fever '  held  an  important  place 
in  the  development  of  that  sanitary  ideal  to  the 
realisation  of  which  my  grandfather  afterwards 
devoted  himself  almost  exclusively;  but  in  the 
course  of  the  years  which  are  treated  of  in  this 
chapter,  he  wrote  much  on  other  subjects. 

During  this  time  severe  money  losses  had 
necessitated  the  breaking  up  of  the  establish- 
ment in  Trinity  Square  ;  retrenchment  became 
a  duty ;  Mrs  Southwood  Smith  went  abroad  with 
the  three  children  of  the  second  marriage^  to 
carry  on  their  education  ;  and  (his  two  elder 
daughters,    Caroline  and    Emily,   being  engaged 

^  Herman  Southwood,  born   1820,  died   1897  ;   Christina  and 
Spencer,  died  in  childhood. 


36  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

in  teaching  away  from  home)  my  grandfather 
once  more  retired  to  a  strictly  studious  and  pro- 
fessional life  at  his  consulting-rooms  in  New  Broad 
Street,  giving  much  time  to  literary  work,  includ- 
ing the  writing  of  a  large  number  of  physiological 
articles  for  the  *  Penny  Encyclopaedia.' 

Dr  Southwood  Smith  at  this  period  assisted  in 
foundinor  the  *  Westminster  Review.'  This  Re- 
view,  supported  as  it  was  by  men  of  great  ability 
and  earnest  thought,  took,  as  is  well  known,  a 
leading  place  in  the  promotion  of  the  political  and 
social  reforms  of  the  day. 

His  own  contributions  to  it  were  many.  Besides 
the  articles  on  "  Quarantine  and  Sanitary  Laws  " 
already  mentioned,  the  one  on  "  Education,"  which 
appeared  in  the  first  number,  may  be  specially 
referred  to. 

There  was  also  one  calling  attention  to  the 
horrors  arising  from  there  being  no  proper  pro- 
vision for  supplying  the  anatomical  schools  with 
the  means  of  dissection,  which  led  to  very  prac- 
tical results. 

"  Body- snatching"  is  now  an  extinct  crime. 
Such  was  the  name  given  to  the  practice  of  rob- 
bing graves  of  the  bodies  of  the  dead  in  order 


LITERARY  AND   OTHER   WORK.  37 

to  sell  them  for  the  purpose  of  dissection.  Such 
practices  were  an  outrage  against  all  the  feelings 
which  render  the  resting  -  places  of  the  dead 
hallowed  spots.  One  can  imagine  the  horror 
which  the  friends  of  the  newly  interred  must 
have  experienced  in  finding  that  their  graves 
had  been  violated  during  the  night ;  and  worse 
still  were  the  midnight  scenes  when  the  work 
was  interrupted  by  the  police,  and  struggles 
ensued. 

The  men  who  carried  on  this  trade  were  called 
"  resurrection-men  "  :  they  were  a  depraved  and 
dangerous  class,  and  if  the  state  of  things  then 
existing  had  caused  no  other  evil  than  that  of 
educating  such  a  class,  it  would  still  have  been 
worth  much  effort  to  get  it  remedied. 

Without  bodies  for  dissection  medical  educa- 
tion was  impossible,  and  at  that  time  there  was 
only  one  legal  means  by  which  they  could  be 
obtained  :  those  of  executed  criminals  were  made 
over  to  the  medical  profession  for  the  purpose  of 
dissection.  But  this  source  was,  happily,  even 
then  a  scanty  one.  Until,  therefore,  some  other 
provision  was  made,  the  employment  of  "resur- 
rection-men," though  against  the  law,  and  in  itself 


38  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

revolting  to  the  professors  of  anatomy,  was  a 
necessity. 

The  difficulty  was  an  increasing  one.  The 
wretched  men  whose  trade  it  was  to  supply  the 
medical  schools  were  punished  with  imprisonment 
and  heavy  fines,  and  were,  not  unnaturally,  re- 
garded with  abhorrence  by  the  mob — such  abhor- 
rence that  it  was  often  difficult  to  protect  them 
from  its  fury  when  arrested.  In  Scotland,  especi- 
ally, this  popular  feeling  was  so  strong  that  dis- 
graceful outrages  were  committed  against  those 
even  suspected  of  being  concerned  in  exhumation  ; 
the  churchyards  were  watched,  and  the  obstacles 
in  obtaining  subjects  for  the  schools  had  become 
so  many  that  the  students  were  fast  deserting 
them.  Indeed  throughout  Great  Britain  it  ap- 
peared as  if  there  would  soon  be  a  general  deser- 
tion of  all  the  native  schools,  and  that  students 
would  go  to  Paris  for  the  education  they  could 
not  get  at  home. 

In  the  article  by  Dr  Southwood  Smith  which 
first  called  public  attention  to  these  evils,  he 
points  out,  in  a  very  striking  manner,  the  para- 
mount necessity  of  a  supply  of  subjects.  He 
reminds  his  readers  of  the  wild  theories  of  former 


LITERARY  AND   OTHER   WORK.  39 

times  when  anatomical  knowledge  was  not  pos- 
sessed, and  enforces  on  their  attention  the  fact 
that  this  knowledge  can  only  be  acquired,  with 
any  degree  of  perfection,  by  means  of  dissection. 
He  further  reminds  them  that  no  operation  can 
be  performed  without  torture  to  the  living,  and 
danger  to  life  itself,  by  the  hand  of  a  surgeon 
unpractised  in  dissection ;  and  no  clear  judgment 
formed  by  the  physician  on  the  diseases  of  the 
human  frame — diseases  generally  seated  in  organs 
hidden  from  the  eye — without  a  study  of  the 
internal  structure. 

After  shortly  passing  over  the  evils  of  the 
system  then  prevailing,  which  have  just  been 
pointed  out — evils  which  were  then  very  gener- 
ally known — he  suggests  the  remedy, — a  very 
simple  one.  It  was,  to  cease  to  give  the  bodies 
of  executed  criminals  for  anatomical  purposes, 
and  thus  in  a  measure  to  take  off  the  stigma 
on  dissection ;  and  then  to  appropriate  to  that 
purpose  the  bodies  of  all  those  who  die  in  hos- 
pitals and  workhouses  unclaimed  by  relatives. 

Nothing  was  done  for  some  time,  till  in  1828, 
three  years  after  this  paper  was  written,  there 
came   the   horrible  discovery  that   the   difficulty 


40  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

of  obtaining  subjects  from  the  churchyards  had 
become  so  great  that  two  men,  Burke  and  Hare, 
had  resorted  to  murder  to  supply  the  need — the 
temptation  having  been  the  large  price  to  be 
obtained  for  bodies. 

When  things  had  come  to  this  climax,  legisla- 
lative  attention  was  aroused.  At  this  time  the 
article  which  had  appeared  in  the  *  Westminster 
Review '  was  reprinted  as  a  pamphlet,  under  the 
title  of  '  The  Use  of  the  Dead  to  the  Living.' 
In  this  form  it  went  through  several  editions,  a 
copy  being  presented  to  members  of  both  Houses 
of  Parliament. 

The  measures  recommended  in  it  were  mainly 
adopted  by  the  Legislature,  and  have  proved 
completely  successful. 

There  is  something  at  first  sight  sad  in  a  plan 
which  lets  anything  that  is  painful  in  the  thought 
of  such  an  appropriation  of  the  bodies  of  the  dead 
fall  exclusively  on  the  poor.  This  did  not  fail  to 
suggest  itself  to  my  grandfather's  mind.  But  it 
is  to  the  survivors  alone  that  such  pain  comes, 
and  these  friendless  ones  would  have  none  left 
to  shrink  from  this  use  of  their  remains.  Such 
were  to  be  chosen  for  the  necessary  purpose,  not 


LITERARY  AND   OTHER   WORK.  41 

because  they  were  "poor,"  but  because  they  were 
"  unclaimed."  Neither  was  any  pain  arising  from 
this  arrangement  to  be  compared  with  that  spring- 
ing from  the  forcible  seizure  of  bodies  in  the  old 
times.  Out  of  that  arose,  necessarily,  scenes  of 
horror  revolting  to  all  sense  of  the  respect  due 
to  the  dead  ;  while  their  quiet  removal  from  the 
hospital  to  the  anatomical  school,  to  be  followed, 
after  the  necessary  dissection,  by  their  burial,  is 
widely  different.  It  seemed,  moreover,  that  the 
interest  of  the  poor  specially  demanded  a  wide- 
spread anatomical  knowledge  in  medical  men, 
since  they,  more  than  all  others,  suffered  when 
the  means  of  gaining  it  were  limited.  "  Poverty, 
it  is  true,"  my  grandfather  writes,  "  is  a  misfor- 
tune ;  poverty,  it  is  true,  has  terror  and  pain 
enough  in  itself.  No  legislature  ought  by  any 
act  to  increase  its  wretchedness  ;  but  the  measure 
here  proposed  is  pregnant  with  good  to  the  poor, 
and  would  tend,  more  than  can  be  estimated,  to 
lessen  the  misery  of  their  condition.  For  it  would 
give  knowledge  to  the  lowest  practitioners  of  the 
medical  art — that  is,  to  persons  who  are  at  present 
lamentably  deficient,  and  into  whose  hands  the 
great  bulk  of  the  poor  fall.     And,  after  all,  the 


42  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

true  question  is,  whether  the  surgeon  shall  be 
allowed  to  gain  knowledge  by  operating  on  the 
bodies  of  the  dead,  or  driven  to  obtain  it  by  prac- 
tising on  the  bodies  of  the  living.  If  the  dead 
bodies  of  the  poor  are  not  appropriated  to  this  use, 
their  living  bodies  must  be,  and  will  be.  The  rich 
will  always  have  it  in  their  power  to  select,  for  the 
performance  of  an  operation,  the  surgeon  who  has 
signalised  himself  by  success  ;  but  that  surgeon,  if 
he  has  not  obtained  the  dexterity  which  ensures 
success  by  dissecting  and  operating  on  the  bodies 
of  the  dead,  must  have  acquired  it  by  making 
them  on  the  living  bodies  of  the  poor." 

It  was  said  at  the  time  by  objectors  that  the 
measure  in  question  would  deter  patients  from 
entering  the  hospitals,  and  add  terrors  to  work- 
houses, but  experience  has  proved  that  my  grand- 
father was  right :  the  adoption  of  his  plan  has  not 
been  found  to  have  the  slightest  effect  of  the  kind. 

In  considering  the  work  of  this  period  of  my 
grandfather's  life,  I  ought  not  to  omit  to  mention 
his  lectures,  which  were  full  of  the  same  earnest- 
ness and  originality  that  characterised  all  he  did. 
He  was  lecturer  at  the  Webb  Street  School  of 
Anatomy,  where  he  gave  a  course  on  "  Forensic 


LITERARY  AND   OTHER  WORK.  43 

Medicine,"  which  made  much  impression  at  the 
time.  He  gave  also  courses  of  popular  lectures 
on  physiology  at  the  London  Institution  and  else- 
where. To  those  at  the  London  Institution  ladies 
were  admitted — a  permission  unusual  in  those 
times. 

One  lecture,  delivered  on  a  very  remarkable 
occasion,  must  be  mentioned  here.  My  grand- 
father was  the  friend  and  physician  of  Jeremy 
Bentham,  and  was  called  upon,  after  his  death, 
to  perform  a  duty  which  he  had  solemnly  under- 
taken. The  venerable  philosopher  died  in  1832 
at  the  age  of  eighty-five,  and  by  will  desired  that 
his  body  should  be  used  for  the  purposes  of  dis- 
section. He  intrusted  to  Dr  Southwood  Smith, 
in  conjunction  with  two  other  friends,  the  task 
of  seeing  this  disposition  properly  fulfilled,  trust- 
ing that  they  would  not  be  deterred  by  opposition 
or  obloquy. 

This  disposition  of  his  body  was  not  a  recent 
act.  By  a  will,  dated  as  far  back  as  1769,  it 
was  left,  for  the  same  purpose,  to  his  friend  Dr 
Fordyce.  The  reason  at  that  time  assigned  for 
this  is  expressed  by  Bentham  in  the  following 
remarkable  words  : — 


44  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

"  This  my  will  and  special  request  I  make, 
not  out  of  affectation  of  singularity,  but  to  the 
intent  and  with  the  desire  that  mankind  may 
reap  some  small  benefit  by  my  decease,  having 
hitherto  had  small  opportunities  to  contribute 
thereto  while  living." 

By  a  memorandum  affixed  to  this  document 
it  is  clear  that  it  had  undergone  revision  as 
lately  as  two  months  before  his  death,-  and  that 
this  part  of  it,  originally  made  when  he  was 
twenty-one,  was  again  deliberately  and.  solemnly 
confirmed  by  him  at  eighty-five. 

In  thus  appropriating  his  remains  to  the  ser- 
vice of  mankind,  Bentham  carried  out,  to  the 
last  moment  of  his  life,  and  even  after  his  death, 
his  principle  of  "  Utility." 

The  subject  of  dissection  was  agitating  the 
public  mind:  the  "Anatomy  Bill"  was  not  yet 
passed,  and  the  idea  might  well  present  itself  to 
a  benevolent  mind  such  as  his,  that  to  show  a 
thorough  absence  of  horror  or  dislike  to  the  idea 
of  being  dissected  after  death  would  be  a  means 
of  lessening  the  prejudice  which  existed  against  it. 

Whatever  may  be  thought  of  the  "  greatest 
happiness  principle "   of  this  philosopher,  it  did 


LITERARY  AND   OTHER   WORK.  45 

not  cause  him  to  lead  a  selfish  or  epicurean 
life.  The  long  calm  expanse  of  eighty  -  five 
years  was  filled  with  simple  pleasures,  with  hard 
work,  and  contained  many  sacrifices  to  the  cause 
of  truth. 

My  grandfather  bears  his  testimony  to  the 
wonderful  energy  and  self-devotion  of  Bentham 
during  his  life  in  these  words  : — 

"  Bentham's  object  was  no  less  a  one  than  to 
construct  an  all-comprehensive  system  of  morals 
and  an  all -comprehensive  code  of  laws.  For 
the  accomplishment  of  a  work  so  prodigious  he 
put  forth  an  energy  commensurate  to  the  end. 
The  extent  of  mental  labour  required  for  this 
undertaking,  and  actually  brought  to  it,  is  truly 
extraordinary.  Every  day  for  nearly  half  a  cen- 
tury did  he  devote  to  it  never  less  than  eight 
hours,  often  ten,  and  sometimes  twelve." 

And  now,  when  this  busy  life  was  stilled,  my 
grandfather  was  bound  to  carry  out  as  fully  as 
possible  Bentham's  wish  that  in  death  too  he 
might  be  useful.  He  delivered  the  oration  over 
the  body,  in  the  Webb  Street  School  of  Anat- 
omy, on  the  evening  of  the  9th  of  June  1832. 
One  who  was  there  thus  writes  of  it : — 


46  DR   SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

"  None  who  were  present  can  ever  forget  that 
impressive  scene.  The  room  is  small  and  cir- 
cular, with  no  windows,  but  a  central  skylight, 
and  was  filled,  with  the  exception  of  a  class  of 
medical  students  and  some  eminent  members  of 
that  profession,  by  friends,  disciples,  and  admirers 
of  the  deceased  philosopher,  comprising  many 
men  celebrated  for  literary  talent,  scientific  re- 
search, and  political  activity.  The  corpse  was 
on  the  table  in  the  centre  of  the  room,  directly 
under  the  light,  clothed  in  a  night-dress,  with 
only  the  head  and  hands  exposed.  There  was 
no  rigidity  in  the  features,  but  an  expression  of 
placid  dignity  and  benevolence.  This  was  at 
times  rendered  almost  vital  by  the  reflection  of 
the  lightning  playing  over  them ;  for  a  storm 
arose  just  as  the  lecturer  commenced,  and  the 
profound  silence  in  which  he  was  listened  to 
was  broken,  and  only  broken,  by  loud  peals  of 
thunder,  which  continued  to  roll  at  intervals 
throughout  the  delivery  of  his  most  appropriate 
and  often  affecting^  address.  With  the  feelinpfs 
which  touch  the  heart  in  the  contemplation  of 
departed  greatness,  and  in  the  presence  of  death, 
there  mingled  a  sense  of  the  power  which  that 


LITERARY  AND   OTHER    WORK.  47 

lifeless  body  seemed  to  be  exercising  in  the  con- 
quest of  prejudice  for  the  public  good,  thus  co- 
operating with  the  triumphs  of  the  spirit  by 
which  it  had  been  animated.  It  was  a  worthy 
close  of  the  personal  career  of  the  great  philoso- 
pher and  philanthropist.  Never  did  corpse  of 
hero  on  the  battle-field,  with  his  martial  cloak 
around  him,  or  funeral  obsequies  chanted  by 
stoled  and  mitred  priests  in  Gothic  aisles,  excite 
such  emotions  as  the  stern  simplicity  of  that 
hour  in  which  the  principle  of  utility  triumphed 
over  the  imagination  and  the  heart." 

In  the  year  1834  my  grandfather  published 
his  book  entitled  'The  Philosophy  of  Health,'^ 
the  preparation  of  which  had  been  a  work  of 
great  care,  and  had  occupied  much  time  for 
several  years  before.  This  book,  which  was, 
perhaps,  the  first  attempt  to  bring  the  truths 
of  human  physiology  within  the  comprehension 
of  the  general  reader,  achieved  a  marked  suc- 
cess. It  was  full  of  the  clearness  and  force 
which  characterised  all  the  writings  of  its  author. 
The  strides  of  modern  science  have  now,  of 
course,  left  its  physiological  teaching  far  behind, 
^  Longmans,  1834. 


48  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

but  at  the  time  it  did  original  educational  work 
and  added  lustre  to  his  name. 

His  life  in  chambers  must  have  been  an  ardu- 
ous one — first  at  36  New  Broad  Street,  after- 
wards at  38  Finsbury  Square, — his  days  given 
up  to  his  ever-increasing  practice,  his  mornings 
and  evenings  to  writing  :  the  amount  achieved 
was  prodigious,  and  he  allowed  himself  but  little 
relaxation. 

I  may  mention  that  it  was  at  this  time  that 
my  grandfather  first  visited  at  the  house  of  old 
Mr  Gillies,  a  city  merchant  of  refined  literary 
tastes  and  the  father  of  the  two  distinguished 
women,  Mary  and  Margaret  Gillies  (author  and 
artist),  who  afterwards  became  the  friends  for 
life  of  himself,  his  wife,  and  daughters,  and  in 
whose  home  he — and  I  with  him — had  rooms 
in  Kentish  Town  and  afterwards  at  Hi^heate, 
though  he  occupied  for  professional  purposes 
the  rooms  in  the  city  to  which  I  have  before 
referred. 


WORK  ON  THE  FACTORY  COMMISSION.        49 


CHAPTER   IV. 

WORK    ON    THE   FACTORY    COMMISSION,    1 833. 

In  the  year  1833  it  became  clear  that  some 
legal  interference  was  necessary  with  regard  to 
Factories. 

In  order  to  understand  the  abuses  which  ex- 
isted in  factories  in  1833,  we  must  revert  to 
the  system  of  employment  at  the  end  of  the 
last  century  and  trace  its  gradual  development. 

At  that  period  all  the  spinning  and  weaving 
of  the  country  was  domestic,  the  spinning  being 
carried  on  in  farmhouses  and  scattered  cottaofes 
in  rural  places  by  the  mothers  and  daughters 
of  the  families,  and  the  weaving  by  men  working 
in  their  own  homes  in  towns  and  villages.  This 
peaceful  state  of  things  did  not  last  beyond  the 
beginning  of  the  present  century.  The  "  spin- 
ning-jenny "  and   "power-loom"   were  invented, 

D 


50  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

and  changes  occurred.  Large  buildings  were 
now  needed  to  carry  on  the  work,  and  mills 
and  factories  sprang  up  beside  the  streams  of 
Nottinghamshire,  Derbyshire,  and  Lancashire, 
these  places  being  chosen  because  water  was 
required  to  turn  the  new  machinery.  The 
water-wheel  now  did  much  of  the  work  which 
had  formerly  needed  the  strong  arms  of  men, 
but  the  small  and  nimble  fingers  of  children 
were  henceforth  called  into  play,  as  they  were 
found  to  be  specially  fitted  for  much  of  that 
which  remained  to  be  done  by  hand.  Thus 
it  came  about  that  children's  labour,  in  con- 
sequence of  its  greater  cheapness,  was  substi- 
tuted for  that  of  grown  people. 

In  order  to  get  a  sufficient  supply  of  chil- 
dren, which  the  scanty  population  near  the  mills 
could  not  afford,  manufacturers  applied  to  the 
managers  of  the  workhouses  in  London  and 
other  large  towns,  for  pauper  children  to  be  taken 
as  apprentices.  Hundreds,  it  is  said  even  thous- 
ands, of  children  were  thus  taken  away  from 
even  the  slight  protection  which  the  tender 
mercies  of  the  workhouse  authorities  of  that 
day    might   afford,    and    placed     entirely   in   the 


WORK  ON  THE  FACTORY  COMMISSION.         51 

power  of  the  master  manufacturer,  or,  worse 
still,   of  his  overseer. 

The  evils  that  resulted  from  this  apprentice- 
ship system  resembled  those  springing  from 
slavery.     One  writer  ^  says  : — 

"  There  is  abundant  evidence  on  record,  and 
preserved  in  the  recollection  of  some  who  still 
live,  to  show  that,  in  many  of  the  manufac- 
turing districts,  cruelties  the  most  heartrending 
were  practised  upon  the  unoffending  and  friend- 
less creatures  who  were  thus  consigned  to  the 
care  of  the  master  manufacturers ;  that  they 
were  harassed  to  the  brink  of  death  by  excess 
of  labour,  that  they  were  flogged,  fettered,  and 
tortured  to  the  most  exquisite  refinements  of 
cruelty ;  that  they  were  in  many  cases  starved 
to  the  bone  whilst  flogged  to  their  work ;  and 
that,  in  some  instances,  they  were  driven  to 
commit  suicide  to  evade  the  cruelties  of  a  world 
where,  though  born  into  it  so  recently,  their 
happiest  moments  had  been  passed  in  the  garb 
and  in  the  coercion  of  a  workhouse.  The 
beautiful  and  romantic  valleys  of  Derbyshire, 
Lancashire,  and  Nottinghamshire,  secluded  from 

'  M.  Fielden,  M.P.,  '  The  Curse  of  the  Factory  System.' 


52  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

the  public  eye,  became  the  dismal  solitudes  of 
torture  and  of  many  a  murder." 

The  Legislature  interfered,  and  in  1802  passed 
an  Act  for  regulating  factories  and  protecting 
the  apprentices  employed  in  them.  This  Act 
was  brought  in  and  carried  by  Sir  Robert  Peel, 
the  father  of  the  statesman  who  repealed  the 
Corn  Laws,  and  himself  a  large  manufacturer. 

A  further  change  in  the  history  of  manu- 
facture, however,  occurred.  The  steam  -  engine 
was  invented,  and  when  its  power  was  applied 
to  manufacture,  it  was  no  longer  necessary  to 
build  factories  where  water-power  was  at  hand  ; 
they  were  henceforth  principally  established  in 
towns.  Apprentices  were  now  but  little  em- 
ployed ;  free,  paid  child  -  labour,  here  to  be  ob- 
tained in  abundance,  was  preferred  by  the  mill- 
owners.  They  had  never  wished  for  apprentices  ; 
the  charge  of  them  had  always  entailed  con- 
siderable trouble ;  the  responsibility  was  felt 
heavily  by  conscientious  masters,  whilst  the  legal 
restrictions  of  Sir  Robert  Peel's  Act  prevented 
the  avaricious  and  hard-hearted  from  profiting 
by  the  abuses  of  the  system.  Apprenticeship 
therefore  died  a  natural  death. 


WORK  ON  THE  FACTORY  COMMISSION.         53 

It  might  be  thought  that  children  employed 
under  the  new  plan,  receiving  wages  and  living 
at  home  under  the  protection  of  their  parents, 
would  suffer  no  hardships  calling  for  legal  re- 
straint ;  but  representations  having  been  made 
to  the  Government  that  abuses  had  crept  in, 
a  Royal  Commission  of  inquiry  was  determined 
upon  in   1833. 

On  this  occasion  Dr  Southwood  Smith  was 
appointed  by  the  Government  a  member  of 
this  Commission,  conjointly  with  Mr  Tooke  and 
Mr  Edwin  Chadwick.^ 

Their  first  work  was  to  send  district  com- 
missioners into  the  manufacturing  regions  to  col- 
lect evidence,  and  the  results  of  those  inquiries 
were  embodied  in  the  general  Report,  My 
grandfather  took  a  deep  interest  in  the  subject, 
for  the  evils  disclosed  by  the  inspection,  if  not 
so  great  as  they  had  been  under  the  apprentice- 
ship system,  were  still  sufficiently  appalling  :  chil- 
dren, some  of  them  not  more  than  five  years 
old,  were  obliged  to  work  the  same  number  of 

'  This  Commission,  for  considering  the  employment  of  children 
in  factories,  preceded  by  eleven  years  the  one  relating  to  their 
employment  in  mines  alluded  to  in  the  Introduction. 


54  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

hours  as  the  adult  operatives — twelve,  fourteen, 
or  sixteen  hours  a  -  day  —  sometimes  the  whole 
night ;  their  health  was  thus  often  ruined  for 
life ;  neither  time  nor  strength  remained  for  edu- 
cation ;  they  were  growing  up  totally  ignorant ; 
and  they  were,  besides,  often  unkindly  treated. 

It  is  sad  to  see  in  the  Report  such  words 
as  these,  quoted  from  the  children's  lips :  "I 
am  sick  tired,  especially  in  the  winter  nights." 
"So  tired  when  I  leave  the  mill  that  I  can 
do  nothing."  "  I  feel  so  tired  when  I  gang 
home  that  I  throw  myself  down,  no  caring  what 
I  does."  "  So  tired  I  am  not  able  to  set  one 
foot  by  the  other."  "  Many  a  time  I  have  been 
so  fatigued  I  could  hardly  take  off  my  clothes 
at  night,  or  put  them  on  in  the  morning.  My 
mother  would  be  raging  at  me,  because  when 
I  sat  down  I  could  not  get  up  again  through 
the  house." 

As  to  their  ruined  health,  such  sentences  as 
these  foretell  it :  "  Many  nights  I  do  not  get 
a  wink  of  sleep  from  the  pain."  "  My  knees 
failed  from  the  work."  Or,  "  Severe  pains  would 
come  on,  particularly  in  the  morning." 

The  evidence  of  the  overseers  and  managers 


WORK  ON  THE  FACTORY  COMMISSION.         55 

is  scarcely  less  strong  than  that  of  the  little 
sufferers  themselves. 

One  manager  says  :  "I  have  known  the  chil- 
dren hide  themselves  in  the  wool  so  that  they 
could  not  go  home  when  the  work  was  over. 
I  have  seen  six  or  eight  fetched  out  of  the 
stove  and  beat  out  of  the  mill." 

Another  says  :  "  After  the  children  from  eight 
to  twelve  years  old  had  worked  eight  or  nine 
hours,  they  were  nearly  ready  to  faint  :  only 
kept  to  their  work  by  being  spoken  to,  or  by 
a  little  chastisement  to  make  them  jump  up. 
I  was  sometimes  obliged  to  chastise  them  when 
they  were  almost  fainting,  and  it  hurt  my  feel- 
ings ;  then  they  would  spring  up  and  work 
pretty  well  for  another  hour ;  but  the  last  two 
or  three  hours  were  my  hardest  work,  for  they 
then  got  so  exhausted." 

And  a  third  manager  says :  "I  have  seen 
them  fall  asleep,  and  they  were  performing  their 
work  with  their  hands,  while  they  were  asleep, 
after  the  'billy'  had  stopped  and  their  work 
was  over." 

Two  great  objections  were  made  to  any  legis- 
lative limitation  of  the  number  of  hours  of  chil- 


56  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

dren's  labour.  One  was,  that  it  was  impossible 
to  shorten  their  hours  of  work  without  also  short- 
ening those  of  the  adults,  who  could  not  go 
on  without  them ;  the  other,  that  it  was  wrong 
to  restrict  the  liberty  of  the  subject. 

The  first  of  these  was,  truly,  a  difficulty ;  but 
if  the  evil  was  so  very  great,  it  appeared  to 
my  grandfather  and  those  acting  with  him  that 
some  change  must  be  made  in  the  mode  of 
working,  rather  than  overtax  the  children  to 
this  extent.  Relays  of  children  must  be  ob- 
tained, or  grown-up  workers  must  be  substi- 
tuted as  assistants. 

With  regard  to  the  second  objection — that  it 
would  be  restricting  the  liberty  of  private  indi- 
viduals if  the  law  interfered — the  Report  shows 
that  children,  at  the  age  at  which  they  suffered 
these  injuries,  were  not  free  agents,  but  were 
let  out  to  hire  by  their  parents,  by  whom  their 
wages  were  appropriated,  and  who  were  easily 
rendered  callous  to  their  children's  wrongs  by 
a  threat  of  dismissal,  or  a  bribe  of  an  additional 
penny  an  hour  of  wage.  If  the  law  did  not 
step  in  to  protect  these  unfortunate  little  ones 
from    parents   whose    selfishness    and    ignorance 


WORK  ON  THE  FACTORY  COMMISSION.         57 

was  allowing  them  to  grow  up  diseased  and 
benighted,  where,  argues  the  Report,  was  their 
help  to  come  from  ? 

The  question  as  to  whether  it  is  right  in 
any  instance  for  the  Government  to  intervene 
between  parent  and  child,  is  now  practically 
settled  by  the  many  laws  and  enactments  which 
reo-ulate  children's  education  and  hours  of  labour. 
But  in  those  days  the  idea  of  any  restriction 
of  a  parent's  right  over  his  child  excited  much 
opposition.  It  was  regarded  by  many  people 
as  both  impracticable  and  undesirable. 

The  reformers,  however,  carried  their  point 
and  achieved  success.  That  very  year  the  Fac- 
tory Act  passed,  and  the  recommendations  of 
the  Report  were  nearly  all  embodied  in  it.  No 
child  was  allowed  to  be  employed  at  all  under 
eight  years  old ;  children  between  eight  and 
thirteen  were  only  allowed  to  work  six  and  a 
half  hours  a-day ;  and  all  those  employed  were 
obliged  to  attend  school  for  three  hours  a-day. 
Inspectors  were  appointed  to  see  that  the  pro- 
visions of  the  Act  were  fully  carried  out. 

Of  course  there  was  considerable  indignation 
on   the   part    of    the    millowners,    but   many   of 


58  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

those  who  at  first  objected  to  the  restrictions 
were  afterwards  convinced  of  their  utiHty,  and 
as  time  passed  on  this  conviction  spread  amongst 
all  classes  and  gathered  strength. 

The  only  modifications  of  the  Act  of  1833 
which  have  been  made  since,  have  been  mere 
extensions  of  its  principles.  The  regulations, 
which  at  first  applied  to  cotton,  cloth,  and  silk 
mills  only,  have  been  extended  by  subsequent 
Acts  to  bleaching  and  dyeing  works.  Powers 
have  also  been  given  to  compel  the  fencing  of 
machinery,  and  to  enforce  other  safeguards 
against  injury  to  the  workpeople. 

Even  after  the  Factory  Commission  had  fin- 
ished its  work,  and  had  ceased  to  exist,  my 
grandfather  continued  to  watch  with  interest  the 
results  of  what  had  been  done.  Five  years 
afterwards,  the  House  of  Commons  having 
ordered  a  Return  showing  the  working  of  the 
educational  provisions  of  the  Act,  he  went  down 
himself  to  various  mills,  and  I  find  his  copy 
of  the  Return  thickly  pencilled  with  marginal 
notes  like  the  following : — 

"  I  visited  this  mill  myself  with  a  view  to 
examine   the   school."     "  The  whole   neighbour- 


WORK  ON  THE  FACTORY  COMMISSION.  59 

hood  was  opposed  to  the  direction  of  the  mill. 
They  now  consider  it  a  great  blessing."  "  The 
children  of  the  higher  class  of  people  are  anxious 
to  get  employment  in  the  mills." 

It  must  have  given  him  great  delight  to  feel 
that,  as  was  said  by  a  writer  eleven  years  later — 

"  The  present  Act  has  led  to  an  amelioration 
of  the  treatment,  and  an  improvement  in  the 
physical  and  moral  character,  of  the  vast  juvenile 
population,  such  as  was  never  before  effected 
by  an  Act  of  Parliament ;  while  the  benefits 
resulting  from  it  to  all  parties,  the  employers 
no  less  than  the  employed,  are  not  only  rapidly 
multiplying  and  extending,  but  are  becoming 
more  and  more  the  subjects  of  general  acknow- 
ledgment and  gratulation.  There  is  reason  to 
believe  that  the  total  number  employed  in  fac- 
tory labour  in  the  United  Kingdom  is  little 
short  of  1,000,000.^  In  one  district,  not  by 
any  means  one  of  the  largest,  the  number  of 
children  attending  school  was  increased  from 
200  to  2316." 

^  This  was  in  1844. 


6o  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 


CHAPTER  V. 

RISE    OF    THE    SANITARY    MOVEMENT,     1 837. 

Perhaps  the  most  necessary  and  the  most  tried 
quahty  in  a  reformer  is  Patience.  Notwithstand- 
ing the  pubhcation  of  the  '  Treatise  on  Fever  * 
in  1830,  and  the  tribute  paid  by  the  scientific 
world  to  its  masterly  exposition  of  the  treatment 
and  causes  of  the  disease,  notwithstanding  the 
constant  and  ardent  endeavours  of  the  author 
to  propagate  his  views,  yet  seven  long  years 
passed  away  before  he  was  able  to  awaken 
the  apathy  of  the  public  and  the  authorities. 

Year  after  year  went  by,  and  the  wards  of 
the  Fever  Hospital  continued  to  be  supplied 
from  the  same  districts,  from  the  same  courts 
and  lanes — even  from  the  very  same  house — as 
before.  The  preventible  suffering,  thus  daily 
brought    before    my    grandfather's    eyes,    was    a 


RISE   OF  THE  SANITARY  MOVEMENT  6i 

daily  reminder  of  the  urgent  need  for  help — of 
the  necessity  for  taking  practical  steps  to  dim- 
inish it. 

In  1837  the  opportunity  came  for  pressing 
forward  in  the  cause.  That  year  a  frightful 
epidemic  fever  broke  out  in  London,  arousing 
general  alarm,  and  demanding  special  inquiry. 
The  pressure  on  the  poor-rates  became  exces- 
sive, and  my  grandfather  was  appointed  by  the 
Poor  Law  Commissioners  to  report  on  the 
eastern  districts  of  London,  Drs  Arnott  and 
Kay  being  appointed  to  other  districts. 

The  title  of  the  Report  presented  by  him 
is  at  once  striking.  He  called  it,  "  Report  on 
the  Physical  Causes  of  Sickness  and  Mortality 
to  which  the  Poor  are  particularly  exposed,  and 
which  are  capable  of  prevention  by  Sanitary 
Measures r     Its  opening  words  are, — 

"Some  of  the  severest  evils  at  present  in- 
cident to  the  condition  of  poverty,  which  have  a 
large  share  in  inducing  its  high  rate  of  sickness 
and  mortality,  are  the  consequences  of  improvi- 
dence. Such  evils  are  capable  of  being  remedied 
only  by  bringing  the  poor  under  the  influence  of 
the  inducements  to  forethought  and  prudence. 


62  DR  SOUTH  WOOD  SMITH. 

"  But  there  are  evils  of  another  class,  more 
general  and  powerful  in  their  operation,  which 
can  be  avoided  by  no  prudence,  and  removed 
by  no  exertion,  on  the  part  of  the  poor.  Among 
the  gravest,  and  at  the  same  time  the  most 
remediable,  of  these  latter  evils,  is  the  exposure 
to  certain  noxious  agents  generated  and  accumu- 
lated in  the  localities  in  which  the  poor  are 
obliged  to  take  up  their  abode,  and  to  the  per- 
nicious influence  of  which  they  are  constantly, 
and  for  the  most  part  unconsciously,  subjected. 

*'  It  is  the  object  of  the  present  Report  to 
direct  attention  to  the  nature  and  extent  of  this 
evil,  and  to  show  how  important  it  is  that  its 
mitigation,  and,  as  far  as  may  be  found  prac- 
ticable, its  entire  removal,  should  form  a  part 
of  every  exertion  that  is  made  for  improving 
the  physical  condition  of  the  poor." 

These  words  would-  seem  to  strike  the  key- 
note of  Sanitary  Reform. 

In  order  to  make  the  Report  more  full  and 
impressive,  Dr  Southwood  Smith  writes  an  exact 
account  of  what  he  saw.  He  went  personally 
over  the  greater  part  of  the  Bethnal  Green 
and    Whitechapel    districts.     "  I    traversed,"    he 


RISE   OF  THE  SANITARY  MOVEMENT.  63 

says,  "a  circle  of  from  six  to  seven  miles  in 
extent.  I  wrote  the  account  of  the  places  I 
am  about  to  notice  on  the  spot ;  I  entered  many 
of  the  houses  and  examined  their  condition  as 
to  cleanliness,  ventilation,  as  well  as  the  state 
of  the  people  themselves,  who  were  at  the  time 
labouring  under  fever." 

The  descriptions  that  follow  are  too  dreadful 
to  be  dwelt  upon  in  detail  here.  We  are  shown 
individually  the  houses  of  Whitechapel  :  they 
are  piled  storey  above  storey,  and  are  teeming 
with  people ;  the  streets,  courts,  and  alleys  are 
so  built  that  all  current  of  air  is  blocked  out, 
and  no  measures  whatever  are  taken  to  secure 
cleanliness.  We  are  shown  Bethnal  Green,  flat, 
low,  damp,  wasted.  Here  the  houses  are  not  so 
closely  packed — there  are  open  spaces  ;  but  these 
are  for  the  most  part  undrained  marshes,  and  the 
air  coming  across  them  is  poisonous  rather  than 
life-giving.  Straggling  rows  of  rickety  cottages 
look  out  upon  stagnant  swamps  ;  their  miserable 
gardens  are  scattered  over  with  uncleared  dust 
and  refuse  of  all  kinds,  and  are  surrounded 
with  black  and  overflowing  ditches,  to  cross 
which    you  must  pass   over  rotting  planks  used 


64  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

as  bridges  :  there  are  houses  which  contain  only- 
two  rooms,  the  larger  being  9  feet  by  7  and 
7  feet  high,  the  smaller  not  able  to  contain  an 
ordinary-sized  bed. 

If  the  house  has  more  rooms,  it  probably  con- 
tains many  families,  and  a  state  of  overcrowding 
is  produced  nearly  as  fatal  as  that  which  pre- 
vails in  the  parts  of  London  where  the  houses 
stand  more  thickly. 

The  picture  comes  vividly  before  us  of  the 
dismal  homes,  with  their  melancholy  gardens 
where  the  pale  children  play  by  the  black 
ditches ;  their  green  damp  walls ;  the  rags 
stuffed  into  the  broken  windows  to  keep  out  the 
tainted  outside  air ;  and  the  crowds  huddled 
together  breathing  the  suffocating  air  within 
doors.  It  is  easy  to  realise  the  hopeless  efforts 
of  the  poor  inhabitants  to  fight  against  the  dirt 
and  disease  which  all  those  efforts  are  powerless 
to  overcome ! 

No  wonder  then,  that,  in  the  words  of  his 
Report,  we  are  told  that  *'  in  many  parts  of 
both  these  districts  fever  of  a  malignant  kind 
and  fatal  character  is  always  more  or  less  preva- 
lent ;    that  in   some  streets  it  has  recently  pre- 


RISE   OF  THE  SANITARY  MOVEMENT.  65 

vailed  in  almost  every  house;  in  some  in  every 
house ;  and,  in  some  few  instances,  in  every  room 
of  every  house.  Cases  are  recorded  in  which 
every  member  of  a  family  has  been  attacked 
in  succession,  of  whom,  in  every  such  case, 
several  have  died :  some  whole  families  have 
been  swept  away.  Instances  are  detailed  in 
which  there  have  been  found,  in  one  small  room, 
six  persons  lying  ill  of  fever  together :  I  have 
myself  seen  this — four  in  one  bed  and  two  in 
another." 

He  once  more  enforces  the  preventibleness 
of  this  dreadful  state  of  things — how  entirely 
it  was  within  the  power  of  man  to  change  it 
by  wise  attention  to  the  laws  of  health.  He 
points  out  parts  of  the  districts  which  had  always 
remained  comparatively  healthy,  and  some,  for- 
merly haunts  of  fever,  where  during  the  last 
epidemic  no  single  case  had  occurred,  owing  to 
sanitary  improvements. 

The  necessity  for  providing  in  some  way  for 
the  airing  of  streets  and  courts  in  densely  popu- 
lated neighbourhoods,  by  the  knocking  down 
of  houses  or  other  expedients,  is  insisted  upon. 
Its  difficulty  is  admitted,  but  still  it  is  urged. 


66  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH, 

"  Though  it  might  seem  a  hopeless  task,"  he 
says,  **  to  set  about  ventilating  such  districts 
as  Bethnal  Green  and  Whitechapel,  yet,  if  the 
importance  of  the  principle  be  duly  appreciated 
and  the  object  be  kept  steadily  in  view,  much 
may  be  accomplished.  In  some  of  the  worst 
localities  in  these  districts,  at  moderate  expense, 
means  might  be  taken  to  introduce  free  cur- 
rents of  air,  where  at  present  the  air  is  per- 
fectly stagnant  and  stifling.  Some  of  the  im- 
provements recently  made  in  the  City  of  London 
show  to  what  extent  it  is  possible  to  introduce 
good  ventilation  into  the  heart  of  the  most 
densely  populated  part  of  the  Metropolis." 

In  this  Report  my  grandfather  also  draws 
attention  to  the  state  of  the  Workhouses.  He 
was  writing  to  the  Poor  Law  Commissioners, 
and  so  he  could  efficiently  bring  under  their 
notice  the  state  of  those  buildings. 

"  From  what  I  have  observed  I  am  satisfied," 
he  says,  "  that  many  existing  workhouses  are 
extremely  deficient  in  space,  ventilation,  and 
drainage." 

The  overcrowding  in  the  dormitories  is  especi- 
ally pointed  out.     He  writes  : — 


RISE   OF  THE  SANITARY  MOVEMENT.  67 

"In  going  over  the  Whitechapel  Workhouse 
I  was  struck  with  the  statement  of  the  fact  that, 
out  of  104  children  (girls)  resident  in  that  house, 
89  have  recently  been  attacked  with  fever.  On 
examining  the  dormitory  in  which  these  children 
sleep,  my  wonder  ceased.  In  a  room  88  feet 
long,  i6|  wide,  and  7  feet  high,  with  a  sloping 
roof  rising  to  10  feet,  all  these  104  children, 
together  with  four  women  who  have  the  charge 
of  them,  sleep.  The  beds  are  close  to  each 
other ;  in  all  the  beds  there  are  never  less  than 
four  children,  in  many  five ;  the  ventilation  of 
the  room  is  most  imperfect.  Under  such  circum- 
stances the  breaking  out  of  fever  is  inevitable. 

"  I  was  likewise  struck  with  the  pale  and  un- 
healthy appearance  of  a  number  of  children  in 
the  Whitechapel  Workhouse,  in  a  room  called 
the  '  Infant  Nursery.'  These  children  appear  to 
be  from  two  to  three  years  of  age ;  they  are 
23  in  number,  they  all  sleep  in  one  room,  and 
they  seldom  or  never  go  out  of  this  room  either 
for  air  or  exercise.  Several  attempts  have  been 
made  to  send  these  infants  into  the  country,  but  a 
majority  of  the  Board  of  Guardians  has  hitherto 
succeeded  in  resisting  the  proposition. 


68  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

"In  the  Whitechapel  Workhouse  there  are  two 
fever  -  wards  :  in  the  lower  ward  the  beds  are 
much  too  close  ;  two  fever  patients  are  placed 
in  each  bed  ;  the  ventilation  is  most  imperfect, 
and  the  room  is  so  close  as  to  be  dangerous  to 
all  who  enter  it,  as  well  as  most  injurious  to  the 
sick." 

The  Report  mentions,  in  contrast,  the  case  of 
the  Jews'  Hospital,  where  he  had  been  physician. 
In  that  hospital,  though  at  one  time  there  had 
been  a  yearly  outbreak  of  fever,  since  the  number 
of  beds  in  the  dormitories  had  been  reduced,  and 
several  large  ventilators  had  been  put  in,  the  evil 
had  entirely  ceased.  At  the  time  he  wrote  eight 
years  had  passed  since  the  improvements,  and 
fever  had  not  once  returned  as  an  epidemic. 

After  finishing  this  Report,  my  grandfather  set 
to  work  to  obtain  exact  statistics  as  to  fever  in 
other  parts  of  London  ;  and  by  the  next  year 
(1839)  tables  had  been  compiled,  which  proved, 
by  a  wider  range  of  experience,  the  truths  he  had 
again  and  again  brought  forward.  Once  more  he 
wrote  a  Report  to  the  Poor  Law  Commissioners 
— of  whom  Mr  (afterwards  Sir  Edwin)  Chadwick 


RISE   OF  THE  SANITARY  MOVEMENT.  69 

was  one  —  pointing  out  the  facts  which  were 
proved  by  these  figures  and  the  duty  of  act- 
ing on  them.^ 

Such  accounts  as  those  given  by  the  three 
physicians  appointed  by  the  Poor  Law  Board  to 
inquire,  could  not  pass  unnoticed.  The  press,  not 
only  in  London  but  in  all  parts  of  England,  took 
up  the  subject.     Public  men  began  to  be  roused. 

At  first  the  facts  were  doubted.  It  was  diffi- 
cult to  believe  that  such  a  dreadful  state  of  things 
could  exist ;  but  attention  was  awakened,  and  in- 
quiry followed. 

The  Marquis  of  Normanby,  then  Secretary  of 
State  for  the  Home  Department,  was  much  im- 
pressed with  what  he  had  read,  but  he  could 
hardly  conquer  a  belief  that  there  must  have 
been  some  exaggeration.  My  grandfather  took 
him  to  see  some  of  the  places  in  Bethnal  Green 
and  Whitechapel  which  the  Report  had  described. 
Lord  Normanby  was  deeply  moved,  as  every  one 
must  have  been  who  was  brought  to  realise  the 
kind  of  dwellings  which  were  all  that  these  people 
had  for  homes.      "  So  far,"  he  said,   "  from  any 

1  Report  on  the  Prevalence  of  Fever  in  Twenty  Metropolitan 
Unions  in  1838. 


70  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

exaggeration  having  crept  into  the  descriptions 
which  had  been  given,  they  had  not  conveyed 
to  my  mind  an  adequate  idea  of  the  truth." 

Lord  Ashley,  too,  always  in  the  forefront  to 
relieve  the  sufferings  of  the  poor,  was  taken  by 
my  grandfather  on  two  occasions  to  see  these 
regions  personally ;  and  from  that  time  forth  he 
became  one  of  the  most  ardent  supporters  of  the 
Sanitary  Cause,  working  strenuously  for  it  both 
in  and  out  of  Parliament.^  In  a  letter  to  a 
friend  my  grandfather  writes  : — 

"FiNSBURY  Square,  1841. 
"  I  have  just  returned  from  Whitechapel  and 
Bethnal  Green,  over  which  I  have  been  taking 
Lord  Ashley  and  his  brother,  and  I  think  they 
have  received  an  impression  which  will  be  lasting, 
and  which  will  stimulate  them  to  exert  themselves 
for  the  removal  of  some  of  the  evils  which  they 
have  witnessed." 

The  Bishop  of  London  had  the  honour  of  being 
the  first  to  bring  the  question  before  Parliament. 

^  For  the  account  of  what  was  shown  to  Lord  Ashley  on  these 
occasions  see  Appendix  L,  p.  159. 


RISE   OF  THE  SANITARY  MOVEMENT.  71 

In  an  earnest  and  eloquent  speech  made  in  the 
House  of  Lords  during  the  session  of  1839,  he 
moved  for  an  extension  of  such  inquiries  as  the 
Poor  Law  Board  had  caused  to  be  made  in  Lon- 
don, to  other  towns  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

It  must  have  seemed  to  my  grandfather  a 
glorious  moment  when  the  principles  he  had  so 
long  advocated  were  for  the  first  time  recognised 
— when  the  country  began  to  hear  with  surprise 
and  shame  of  the  existing  state  of  things — and 
when  the  suffering,  which  he  felt  so  deeply, 
seemed  about  to  be  relieved. 

The  movement  had  now  begun.  Surely  it 
would  go  quickly,  since  the  saving  of  thousands 
of  lives  each  year  depended  on  its  progress  ? 


72  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 


CHAPTER    VI. 

PHILANTHROPIC    AND    MEDICAL    WORK,    184O-1848. 

I  HAVE  now  arrived  at  the  period  of  my  grand- 
father's life  which  comes  within  my  own  memory, 
and  which  begins  with  the  days  described  in  the 
Introduction  when  I  used  to  watch  him  as  he  sat 
at  his  writing  in  the  early  mornings.  He  had 
taken  me  to  live  with  him  at  three  years  old,  and 
from  that  time  I  was  with  him  throughout  his  life. 
If,  in  this  chapter  or  elsewhere,  I  dwell  on  his  care 
and  tenderness  towards  myself,  it  is  only  that  it 
may  indicate  the  love  he  invariably  showed  to  all 
near  and  dear  to  him. 

My  grandfather,  though  losing  no  opportunity 
of  promoting  the  cause  he  had  chiefly  at  heart — 
the  great  sanitary  cause — did  not  limit  his  public 
work  to  it  alone  :  he  was  at  this  time  engaged  in 
reforming  the  state  of  coal-mines,  being  a  member 


^-^■'^^''^■Jpj>^^^^ 


Old  woman  carrying  coal. 


PHILANTHROPIC  AND  MEDICAL  WORK.         73 

of  a  Royal  Commission — the  "Children's  Employ- 
ment Commission  "  —  the  chief  object  of  whose 
labours  was  to  secure  the  abolition  of  child-labour 
in  mines.  It  has  been  mentioned  that  the  Report 
presented  to  Parliament  by  this  Commission  had 
pictures  :  they  were  drawn  on  the  spot  at  my 
grandfather's  instigation,  and  I  believe  I  am  right 
in  saying  it  was  the  only  parliamentary  report  so 
issued.  The  state  of  things  in  the  mines  was 
sufficiently  appalling.  Children  of  tender  years 
were  employed  in  opening  and  shutting  little 
gates  in  narrow  passages  of  coal.  They  were 
untaught,  and  seldom  breathed  the  fresh  air. 
They  were  sometimes  as  young  as  five  years 
old  (parents  have  been  known  to  send  them 
even  at  four  years  old) ;  they  sat  in  small  niches, 
scooped  out  of  the  coal,  for  twelve  hours  at  a 
time,  to  watch  the  doors,  and  they  were  alone  and 
in  the  dark  except  when  a  "hurrier"  with  a 
candle  fastened  to  his  forehead  passed  along,  on 
hands  and  knees,  dragging  a  truck. 

The  suffering  was  not  confined  to  children ;  it 
was  found  that  young  girls,  married  women,  and 
aged  and  decrepit  women  were  exposed  to  bear- 
ing upon  their  backs  burdens  of  coal  weighing 


74  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

from  three-quarters  of  a  cwt.  to  3  cwt. ;  often  to 
carry  these  whilst  wading  in  water  up  to  the 
ankles,  sometimes  up  to  the  knees,  or  to  carry 
them  from  the  bottom  of  the  mine  to  the  bank  up 
steep  ladders ;  to  go  through  the  hard  work  of 
hewing  coal  by  the  side  of  the  men ;  to  drag 
trucks  on  all  fours  harnessed  by  chains ;  and  that 
the  nature  of  their  work,  when  hewing  coal,  con- 
stantly obliged  them  to  dispense  with  most  of 
their  clothing. 

The  illustrations  in  the  Report  brought  all 
this  before  my  childish  imagination  very  vividly. 
Perhaps  they  also,  as  the  Commissioners  hoped 
they  might  do,  caught  the  attention  of  busy 
members  of  Parliament  and  learned  lords  who 
might  not  have  waded  through  a  lengthy  "blue- 
book"  to  find  the  facts  which  these  pictures 
showed  at  a  glance.  The  object  of  the  Commis- 
sioners was  to  put  the  facts  strikingly,  and  in 
this  they  succeeded. 

Lord  Ashley's  Bill,  based  on  this  Report,  en- 
countered great  opposition,  especially  in  the 
House  of  Lords,  many  members  of  which  were 
large  proprietors  of  mines,  and  in  the  course 
of  its  passage  through   Parliament  it  was  much 


>^-: 

'^tS^'    "'-'    /''-^''"  'f"'^"^'';?*^'"'*"'— "* 

jj^^? 

k  "^ 

k          y 

^^^^  ^^^dHE| 

^^*>^^^^^^ 

Children  at  work. 


Woman  drawing  truck. 


PHILANTHROPIC  AND  MEDICAL  WORK.         75 

mutilated.  Lord  Ashley  had  hoped  to  prevent 
any  boy  under  thirteen  from  working  in  the 
mines,  but  the  age  of  exemption  was  lowered 
to  ten  years  old ;  and  his  attempt  to  prohibit 
the  employment  of  boys  and  old  men  in  the 
work  of  lowering  the  miners  into  the  pit  by 
means  of  ropes  was  also  defeated. 

Still,  the  main  points  were  gained ;  for  by 
Lord  Ashley's  Bill,  which  passed  in  1844  and 
was  founded  on  the  labours  of  this  and  the  Fac- 
tory Commission,  not  only  was  it  enacted  that 
all  children  under  ten  should  henceforth  be  pro- 
hibited from  working  in  mines,  but  that  such 
labour  should  also  be  illegal  for  girls  of  all  ages 
and  for  women. 

It  may  be  worth  noticing  that  the  change  in 
the  law  did  not  at  first  give  satisfaction  to  the 
miners.  The  men  considered  it  a  great  hardship 
to  be  deprived  of  the  earnings  of  their  wives  and 
children,  and  the  women  themselves  complained 
sorely  of  being  deprived  of  their  work.  But 
time  has  proved  the  great  benefits  of  the  new 
system.  The  men  now  earn  nearly  as  much  as 
a  man  and  his  wife  used  to  do,  the  presence 
of  the  wife  in  the  home  causes   it  to  be  better 


76  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

cared  for,  and  the  children  are  free  to  attend 
school. 

The  "  Children's  Employment  Commission"  in- 
stituted a  further  inquiry  into  the  state  of  young 
people  employed  in  branches  of  trade  not  as  yet 
brought  under  regulation.  This  second  Report 
of  the  Commission,  on  "  Trades  and  Manufac- 
tures/' related  to  the  state  of  apprentices  in  the 
South  Staffordshire  ironworks,  and  of  young 
workers  in  such  trades  as  earthenware -making, 
calico-printing,  paper-making,  &c. ;  and  although 
nothing  could  be  done  for  them  at  the  time,  the 
regulations  recommended  in  the  Report  have 
since  been  adopted. 

These  Inquiries — important  and  interesting  as 
they  were — occupied  only  the  hours  which  my 
grandfather  could  spare  from  his  professional 
work  as  one  of  the  chief  consultants  in  cases  of 
fever,  and  a  leading  London  physician. 

He  went  daily  from  our  home  in  Kentish 
Town  to  his  rooms  in  the  City,  and  often  used  to 
take  me  with  him  as  a  little  child.  We  usually 
stopped  first  at  the  Fever  Hospital,  which  was 
then  near  King's  Cross.  The  Great  Northern 
Railway  Station  stands  now  on  its  site,  where  I 


PHILANTHROPIC  AND  MEDICAL   WORK.         77 

used  to  sit  in  the  carriage  at  its  gate.  His  con- 
nection with  that  Hospital  was  never  broken  (at 
his  death  he  had  been  one  of  its  physicians  for 
nearly  forty  years),  and  he  was,  of  course,  much 
interested  in  its  re-erection  when  it  was  removed 
to  its  present  position  in  Liverpool  Road,  Isling- 
ton. The  new  building  was  made  with  wards 
having  no  upper  storeys ;  each  ward  had  three 
outer  walls  and  a  very  high  ceiling,  thus  ensuring 
perfect  ventilation  ;  and  there  were  many  other 
advantages  of  arrangement. 

But  even  the  original  hospital  at  King's  Cross 
was  very  carefully  managed  as  to  fresh  air,  and 
my  grandfather's  implicit  belief  in  his  own  doc- 
trine of  non-contagion  was  proved  by  his  more 
than  once  taking  me  into  the  fever-wards,  though, 
when  I  was  a  child  and  therefore  peculiarly  sus- 
ceptible, he  never  would  let  me  breathe  the 
tainted  air  of  the  courts  and  lanes  of  which  he 
fearlessly  encountered  the  danger,  not  only  in  his 
capacity  as  a  physician,  but  when  making  his 
early  sanitary  investigations. 

Three  times  in  the  course  of  his  life  he  had 
been  stricken  down  with  fever.  In  one  of  these 
attacks  his  life  had  been  despaired  of,  but  medi- 


78  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

cal  skill,  aided  by  most  careful  nursing  and  by 
his  naturally  strong  constitution,  at  length  con- 
quered the  disease. 

After  the  visit  to  the  hospital  we  went  on  into 
the  City  to  his  consulting-rooms,  which  were  first 
at  36  New  Broad  Street,  and  afterwards  at  38 
Finsbury  Square;  and  then  came  the  morning 
hours  during  which  he  saw  patients  there,  and  I 
amused  myself  until  he  was  ready  for  the  after- 
noon round.  Then  outdoor  work  again.  Gen- 
erally the  visits  led  us  through  crowded  streets 
where  the  carriage  got  blocked  in  amongst  great 
waggons  or  hemmed  in  near  high  warehouses ; 
but  at  times  there  came  long  drives  to  some 
patient  living  more  in  the  country  at  Hackney, 
Dalston,  Stoke  Newington,  or  farther  off  still ; 
and  then  what  a  happy  time  I  had  with  him, 
sitting  on  his  knee  and  asking  endless  questions  ! 
It  was  worth  many  hours  of  waiting  in  the  car- 
riage, outside  doors,  to  have  the  times  that  came 
between. 

Then  there  was  the  Eastern  Dispensary  and 
Jews'  Hospital  practice,  in  connection  with  which 
he  daily  went  to  see  patients  in  their  own  poor 
homes.     How  well  I  remember  being  left  in  the 


PHILANTHROPIC  AND  MEDICAL   WORK.         79 

carriage  at  the  end  of  streets  too  narrow  for  it  to 
drive  down.  I  used  to  amuse  myself  with  looking 
out  at  the  people  passing  to  and  fro — children 
without  hats  and  bonnets ;  old-clothesmen  with 
their  bags  ;  orange-girls  ;  —  many  dark  faces 
amongst  the  passers-by — Jews,  as  I  was  after- 
wards told.  I  used  to  wonder  at  it  all,  and  make 
up  stories  about  the  people  and  guess  on  what 
errands  they  were  bent  when  entering  their  little 
shops  and  doorways ;  and  when  tired  of  all  this — 
for  I  was  still  too  small  to  see  without  kneeling 
up  on  the  seat  to  look  out  at  the  window — I 
seated  myself  on  the  floor  of  the  carriage  and 
was  soon  deeply  engrossed  in  some  book  of 
pictures  or  fairy  tales,  which  my  grandfather,  in 
the  midst  of  all  else,  had  thoughtfully  put  into 
the  pocket  of  the  carriage  for  me  to  "find." 

Then  I  would  climb  up  again  and  watch  for 
him.  At  last  he  would  come !  Down  the  dark, 
narrow  street,  looking  very  grave,  the  reflection 
of  some  scene  just  left  still  resting  on  his  face. 
Out  of  such  thoughts — produced  by  such  places 
— came  his  afterwork. 

When  he  came  to  me,  however,  the  sad 
thoughts  passed  away,  and  he  was  ready  to  let 


8o  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

his  happy  nature  come  through  to  cheer  his  little 
girl.  He  would  practically  work  to  relieve  such 
misery  as  he  had  seen  —  day  and  night  —  at 
all  cost — through  all  opposition, — but  he  would 
also  play  merrily  with  his  little  grandchild,  to 
make  joyous  for  her  the  homeward  drive  through 
the  evening  air. 

My  grandfather  was  much  interested  at  this 
time  in  another  effort  of  which  I  have  not  yet 
spoken.  It  was  the  institution  of  a  "  Home  in 
Sickness "  in  London  for  those  of  the  middle 
classes  who  might  be  far  from  their  own  families, 
or  who,  from  some  other  cause,  could  not  secure 
favourable  surroundings  in  times  of  illness.  The 
position  of  such  people  struck  him  as  very  deso- 
late. There  were  many  with  homes  far  away — 
clerks,  students,  young  men  engaged  in  various 
professions,  governesses,  and  other  ladies  of 
limited  income — who  might  be  seized  with  illness 
under  circumstances  when  a  return  to  their 
family  was  impossible ;  others  who  had  no  family 
to  which  to  return.  It  seemed  to  him  that 
chambers  or  lodgings  which  might  be  tolerably 
convenient  for  people  in  health,  were  utterly 
unsuited    to    give   the    requisite   comforts   when 


PHILANTHROPIC  AND  MEDICAL  WORK.        8i 

illness  came  :  the  poorer  classes  had  the  hospi- 
tals, but  for  this  intermediate  class  there  was  no 
provision. 

His  plan  was,  therefore,  to  found  an  institution 
into  which,  by  subscribing  a  small  sum  annually, 
members  could  secure  a  right  to  be  received 
when  they  were  suffering  from  disease.  They 
would  each  have  a  separate  room  where  an  equal 
temperature  could  be  secured,  well  prepared  diet, 
superior  nursing,  the  advantage  of  a  medical 
officer  in  the  house  who  could  be  called  in  at  any 
moment,  and  the  daily  advice  of  skilled  physicians 
and  surgeons  specially  appointed ;  or  should  the 
patients  prefer  it,  of  their  own  medical  ad- 
visers. For  this  they  were  to  pay  two  guineas 
a-week  during  their  residence,  or  less,  should  it  be 
found  that  such  an  establishment  could  be  self- 
supporting  at  a  lower  rate  :  that  it  should  be 
self-supporting  was,  he  thought,  essential. 

Such  an  institution  was  founded  in  1840  under 
very  good  auspices,  and  opened  under  the  name 
of  "  The  Sanatorium "  at  Devonshire  House, 
York  Gate,  Regent's  Park,  in  1842.  My  grand- 
father freely  gave  it  his  medical  services,  as  well 
as  his  influence  and  supervision,  for  some  years. 

F 


82  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

The  house  stood  in  a  garden  in  which  there 
were  tall  trees  (with  rooks  in  them),  making  a 
cool  green  shade  and  shutting  out  all  other 
houses ;  whilst  within  doors  the  soft  carpets  and 
general  feeling  of  quiet  and  order  gave  a  sense  of 
peace.  The  contrast  on  turning  into  that  garden 
from  the  "  New  Road  "  ^  was  striking.  Quiet, 
indeed,  was  one  of  the  chief  boons  which  the 
Sanatorium  could  offer. 

Charles  Dickens,  one  of  its  earliest  supporters, 
speaks  forcibly  of  this  contrast  in  a  speech  made 
in  behalf  of  the  Institution.  He  speaks  of  the 
noise  of  crowded  streets  and  busy  thoroughfares 
as — 

"  That  never-ceasing  restlessness,  that  incessant 
tread  of  feet  wearing  the  rough  stones  smooth  and 
glossy."  "Is  it  not  a  wonder,"  he  says, — "is  it 
not  a  wonder,  how  the  dwellers  in  narrow  ways 
can  bear  it  ?  Think  of  a  sick  man  in  such  a  place 
as  St  Martin's  Court,  listening  to  the  footsteps, 
and  in  the  midst  of  pain  and  weariness  obliged, 
despite  himself  (as  though  it  were  a  task  he  must 
perform),  to  detect  the  child's  step  from  the  man's  ; 
the  slipshod  beggar  from  the  hooded  exquisite ; 

1  Now  Marylebone  Road. 


PHILANTHROPIC  AND  MEDICAL   WORK.        83 

the  lounging  from  the  busy.  Think  of  the  hum 
and  noise  always  present  to  his  senses,  and  of 
the  stream  of  life  that  will  not  stop,  pouring  on, 
on,  on,  through  all  his  restless  dreams,  as  if  he 
were  condemned  to  lie  dead,  but  conscious,  in  a 
noisy  churchyard,  and  had  no  hope  of  rest  for 
centuries  to  come." 

After  some  time  it  was  found  that  a  building 
specially  constructed,  which  should  contain  many 
small  separate  rooms,  would  be  more  suitable  and 
less  expensive  than  Devonshire  House.  To  erect 
this  it  was  necessary  to  raise  a  building  fund.  By 
this  time  the  Institution  was  supported  by  a 
powerful  list  of  patrons,  with  Prince  Albert  at 
their  head ;  many  large  banking-houses  and  City 
firms  had  subscribed  to  it  for  the  sake  of  their 
clerks  and  others ;  and  more  than  a  hundred 
members  of  the  medical  profession  had  visited 
it,  and  had  signed  a  statement  expressing  their 
belief  in  the  need  of  such  an  establishment,  add- 
ing that  the  Sanatorium  had  supplied  this  need 
most  satisfactorily,  though  on  a  small  scale. 

Charles  Dickens  then  lived  nearly  opposite  to 
Devonshire  House,  and  when  the  building  fund 
was  opened,  he  and  several  other  literary  men 


84  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

and  artists  came  forward  and  gave  for  its  benefit 
the  first  of  those  amateur  performances  which 
they  repeated  at  a  later  period.  They  acted  Ben 
Jonson's  "  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,"  at  St 
James's  Theatre,  on  November  15,  1845,  both 
audience  and  actors  being  brilliant.  Charles 
Dickens,  Douglas  Jerrold,  John  Foster,  Mark 
Lemon,  Frank  Stone,  and  others  took  part.  I 
remember  seeing  them,  as  I  peeped  down  from 
a  side-box. 

The  Sanatorium  did  not,  from  a  money  point 
of  view,  succeed ;  but  it  was,  nevertheless,  the 
forerunner  of  all  those  "Home  Hospitals"  and 
"Nursing  Homes"  which  have  since  proved  so 
great  a  boon  to  the  public.  So  that  in  this,  also, 
my  grandfather  was  a  pioneer. 

As  the  name  of  Dickens  has  been  mentioned,  it 
may  be  interesting  to  refer  here  to  some  of  the 
letters  which  show  the  early  and  keen  interest 
he  felt  in  the  removal  of  the  evils  with  which 
my  grandfather  was  contending,  and  his  readi- 
ness to  give  his  aid  to  the  cause  of  the  poor. 
Here  is  the  first  letter,  alluding  both  to  the 
Sanatorium  and  to  the  Children's  Employment 
Commission  : — 


J««c^    --^^^H.         ^CfM-^  4X*w-i^  tfT^      /^-^     *W«/'<-«^ 


•^  ^<t>^^l£^  a^U    ^^ui.^' 


PHILANTHROPIC  AND  MEDICAL   WORK.        85 

I  Devonshire  Terrace,  York  Gate, 
Fifteenth  December  1 840. 

My  dear  Sir, — I  am  greatly  obliged  to  you 
for  your  kind  note  and  inclosure  of  to-day.  I 
had  never  seen  the  Sanatorium  pamphlet,  and 
have  been  greatly  pleased  with  it.  The  reasons 
for  such  an  Institution,  and  the  advantages  likely 
to  result  from  it,  could  not  have  been  more 
forcibly  or  eloquently  put.  I  have  read  it  twice 
with  extreme  satisfaction. 

You  have  given  me  hardly  less  pleasure  by 
sending  me  the  Instructions  of  the  Children's 
Employment  Commission,  which  seem  to  me  to 
have  been  devised  in  a  most  worthy  spirit,  and 
to  comprehend  every  point  on  which  humanity 
and  forethought  could  have  desired  to  lay  stress. 
The  little  book  reaches  me  very  opportunely ;  for 
Lord  Ashley  sent  me  his  speech  on  moving  the 
Commission  only  the  day  before  yesterday ;  and 
I  could  not  forbear,  in  writing  to  him  in  acknow- 
ledgment of  its  receipt,  cursing  the  present  system 
and  its  fatal  effects  in  keeping  down  thousands 
upon  thousands  of  God's  images,  with  all  my 
heart  and  soul. 

It  must  be  a  great  comfort  and  happiness  to 


86  DR  SOUTH  WOOD  SMITH. 

you  to  be  instrumental  in  bringing  about  so  much 
good.  I  am  proud  to  be  remembered  by  one 
who  is  pursuing  such  ends,  and  heartily  hope  that 
we  shall  know  each  other  better. — My  dear  Sir, 
faithfully  yours,  Charles  Dickens. 

Dr  SouTHWOOD  Smith. 

Another  characteristic  and  genial  letter,  dated 
half  a-year  later,  appears  to  refer  to  some  pro- 
posed expedition,  in  the  course  of  which  Dickens 
was  to  see  on  the  spot  some  place  where  children 
were  at  work  in  a  coal-mine  : — 

Devonshire  Terrace, 
Wednesday y  June  the  Second^  1841. 

My  dear  Dr  Smith, — I  find  it  can't  be  done. 
The  artists,  engravers,  printers,  and  every  one 
engaged  have  so  depended  on  my  promises,  and 
so  fashioned  their  engagements  by  them,  that  I 
cannot  with  any  regard  to  their  comfort  or  con- 
venience leave  town  before  the  nineteenth.  At 
any  other  time  I  would  have  gone  with  you  to 
John-o'-Groat's  for  such  a  purpose ;  and  I  don't 
thank  you  the  less  heartily  for  not  being  able  to 
go  now. 

If  you  should  see  one  place  which  you  would 


PHILANTHROPIC  AND  MEDICAL   WORK.        87 

like  me  to  behold  of  all  others,  and  should  find 
that  I  could  get  easy  access  to  it,  tell  me  when 
you  come  back,  and  I'll  see  it  on  my  way  to 
Scotland,  please  God. 

I  will  send  your  papers  home  by  hand  to- 
morrow.— In  haste,  believe  me  with  true  regards, 
faithfully  yours,  Charles  Dickens. 

Dr  SouTHWooD  Smith. 

The  following  year,  Dickens,  being  about  to 
proceed  to  Cornwall,  wrote  to  my  grandfather 
asking  his  advice  as  follows : — 

Devonshire  Terrace, 
Saturday^  October  Twenty-second,  1842. 

My  dear  Sir, — I  have  an  expedition  afoot 
in  which  I  think  you  can  assist  me. 

I  want  to  see  the  very  dreariest  and  most 
desolate  portion  of  the  sea  -  coast  of  Cornwall ; 
and  start  next  Thursday,  with  a  couple  of  friends, 
for  St  Michael's  Mount.  Can  you  tell  me  of 
your  own  knowledge,  or  through  the  information 
of  any  of  the  Mining  Sub-Commissioners,  what 
is  the  next  best  bleak  and  barren  part  ?  And 
can  you,  furthermore,  while  I  am  in  those  regions, 
help  me  down  a  mine  ? 


DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 


I  ought  to  make  many  apologies  for  troubling 
you,  but  somehow  or  other  I  don't — which  is  your 
fault  and  not  mine. — Always  believe  me  faithfully 
your  friend,  Charles  Dickens. 

Dr  SouTHWooD  Smith. 

My  grandfather's  feeling  about  the  Cornish 
coast  is  given  in  his  answer : — 

36  New  Broad  Street,  October  2^,  1842. 

My  dear  Sir, — I  do  not  think  you  will  find 
St  Michael's  Mount  particularly  desolate,  but  it 
is  nevertheless  a  very  remarkable  and  interesting 
place.  The  coast  about  Land's  End,  I  am  told, 
is  incomparably  more  dreary  and  presents  a  fine 
specimen  of  wrecken  scenery.  But  the  place 
above  all  others  for  dreariness  is  Tintagel  (King 
Arthur's)  Castle,  near  Camelford.  There  shall 
you  see  nothing  but  bleak-looking  rocks  and  an 
everlastingly  boisterous  sea,  both  in  much  the 
same  state  as  when  good  King  Arthur  reigned.^ 

You  must  go  through  Truro  to  get  to  either 

^  It  is  somewhat  curious  to  note  that  a  similar  enthusiasm  for 
Tintagel  animated  the  mind  of  his  granddaughter,  Octavia  Hill  : 
she  became  instrumental,  through  the  National  Trust,  in  preserv- 
ing its  wonderful  cliff  intact  for  the  nation  for  ever.  It  was 
bought  in  1896. 


PHILANTHROPIC  AND  MEDICAL  WORK.        89 

place.  Your  best  plan  will  be  to  call  on  Dr 
Charles  Barham.  He  is  the  physician  of  those 
parts  and  a  most  intelligent  man,  thoroughly  ac- 
quainted with  every  nook  in  Cornwall  and  known 
to  every  mine.  He  was  one  of  our  best  Sub- 
Commissioners  ;  and  he  will  tell  you  where  best 
to  go  for  your  immediate  object,  and  will  take  you 
with  the  least  loss  of  time  to  the  best  specimen 
of  a  mine.  But  pray  do  not  forget  that  a  Cor- 
nish mine  is  quite  different  from  a  coal-mine  : 
while  much  less  disagreeable  to  the  senses,  far 
more  fatal  in  its  effects  upon  the  men  and  boys 
(they  have  no  women). 

I  send  you  herewith  a  letter  of  introduction  to 
Dr  Barham,  whom  you  will  find  both  able  and 
willing  to  give  you  all  the  information  and  assist- 
ance you  may  require. — Faithfully  yours, 

SouTHWOoD  Smith. 

The  following  merry  letter  from  Dickens,  on 
his  return,  winds  up  the  little  correspondence  : — 

I  Devonshire  Terrace, 
York  Gate,  Eighth  November  1842. 

My  dear  Sir, — I  have  just  come  home  from 
Cornwall.     I  did  not,  after  all,  deliver  your  letter. 


90  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

Having  Stanfield  and  Maclise  and  another  friend 
with  me,  I  determined  not  to  do  so,  unless  I 
found  it  absolutely  necessary ;  lest  the  unfor- 
tunate Doctor  should  consider  himself  in  a  state 
of  siege. 

I  saw  all  I  wanted  to  see,  and  a  noble  coast 
it  is.  I  have  sent  your  letter  to  Dr  Barham 
with  a  line  or  two  from  myself;  and  am  as  much 
obliged  to  you  as  though  I  had  driven  him  wild 
with  trouble. — Always  faithfully  yours, 

Charles  Dickens. 

Dr  SouTHWOOD  Smith. 

Before  leaving  this  subject,  I  will  give  two 
more  of  Charles  Dickens's  letters,  which  show 
that  the  interest  he  had  manifested  in  the  first 
beginning  of  the  inquiry  into  the  state  of  the 
children  in  coal-pits  did  not  wane,  but  that,  when 
the  Report  came  before  him  in  1843,  he  was 
deeply  moved,  and  prepared  himself  at  once  to 
take  up  arms  in  defence  of  the  children.  The 
first  letter  runs  thus  : — 

Devonshire  Terrace,  Sixth  March  1843. 
My  dear  Dr  Smith, — I  sent  a  message  across 
the  way  to-day,  urging  you,  in  case  you  should 


.  PHILANTHROPIC  AND  MEDICAL   WORK.        91 

come  to  the  Sanatorium,  to  call  on  me  if  con- 
venient.    My  reason  was  this  : 

I  am  so  perfectly  stricken  down  by  the  blue- 
book  you  have  sent  me,  that  I  think  (as  soon 
as  I  shall  have  done  my  month's  work)  of  writing 
and  bringing  out  a  very  cheap  pamphlet  called 
"  An  Appeal  to  the  People  of  England  on  be- 
half of  the  Poor  Man's  Child,"  with  my  name 
attached,  of  course. 

I  should  be  very  glad  to  take  counsel  with  you 
in  the  matter,  and  to  receive  any  suggestions 
from  you  in  reference  to  it.  Suppose  I  were  to 
call  on  you  one  evening  in  the  course  of  ten 
days  or  so  ?  What  would  be  the  most  likely 
hour  to  find  you  at  home?  —  In  haste,  always 
faithfully  your  friend,  Charles  Dickens. 

Dr  SouTHWooD  Smith. 

The  next  promises  a  "sledge-hammer"  in  lieu 
of  the  pamphlet. 

Devonshire  Terrace,  Tenth  March  1843. 

My  dear    Dr  Smith,  —  Don't   be   frightened 

when  I  tell  you  that,  since  I  wrote  to  you  last, 

reasons  have  presented  themselves  for  deferring 

the   production   of  that  pamphlet  until  the  end 


92  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

of  the  year.  I  am  not  at  liberty  to  explain  them 
further  just  now ;  but  rest  assured  that  when  you 
know  them,  and  see  what  I  do,  and  where  and  how, 
you  will  certainly  feel  that  a  sledge-hammer  has 
come  down  with  twenty  times  the  force — twenty 
thousand  times  the  force  I  could  exert  by  fol- 
lowing out  my  first  idea.  Even  so  recently  as 
when  I  wrote  to  you  the  other  day  I  had  not 
contemplated  the  means  I  shall  now,  please  God, 
use.  But  they  have  been  suggested  to  me ;  and 
I  have  girded  myself  for  their  seizure — as  you 
shall  see  in  due  time. 

If  you  will  allow  our  tete-a-tete  and  projected 
conversation  on  the  subject  still  to  come  off,  I  will 
write  to  you  as  soon  as  I  see  my  way  to  the 
end  of  my  month's  work.  —  Always  faithfully 
yours,  Charles  Dickens. 

Dr  SouTHWOOD  Smith. 

I  now  turn  to  another  subject.  It  was  dur- 
ing these  years  that  my  grandfather  conceived 
the  idea  that  houses  might  be  built  from  which 
fever  could  be  banished  even  amongst  the  classes 
and  in  the  districts  in  which  up  to  that  time 
disease  had  most  fatally  prevailed.     If  the  ex- 


PHILANTHROPIC  AND  MEDICAL   WORK.        93 

periment  succeeded,  and  the  amount  of  sickness 
and  death  were  found  to  be  markedly  diminished, 
he  felt  that  a  very  valuable  practical  illustration 
would  be  afforded  of  the  truth  of  the  principles  he 
was  advocating — of  the  law  which  connects  bad 
sanitary  conditions  with  disease.  He  also  hoped 
it  would  be  proved  that  money  expended  on  the 
building  of  such  dwellings  would  bring  in  a  fair 
return  of  interest,  so  that  it  would  be  seen  to 
be  a  wise  as  well  as  a  benevolent  expenditure  of 
capital,  and  healthy  dwellings  might  be  multiplied. 

To  accomplish  this  purpose  he  gathered  to- 
gether the  men  who  formed  the  original  direc- 
tors of  "  The  Metropolitan  Association  for  Im- 
proving the  Dwellings  of  the  Industrious 
Classes"    in    1843. 

As  this  was  before  the  days  of  "limited  lia- 
bility," it  was  necessary  to  obtain  through  the 
Prime  Minister  a  Royal  Charter  to  secure  those 
who  should  furnish  money  for  the  experiment 
against  serious  loss  if  it  failed,  and  a  depu- 
tation (who  chose  my  grandfather  as  spokes- 
man) waited  on  Sir  Robert  Peel  on  January 
23,  1844,  to  ask  him  for  this  charter,  which 
was  eventually  cordially  granted. 


94  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

The  course  the  promoters  took  resulted  in 
the  building  of  the  block  of,  so-called,  "  Model 
Dwellings"  in  Old  St  Pancras  Road,  on  a  site 
nearly  opposite  the  Fever  Hospital. 

Thus  a  first  step  was  taken  towards  providing 
healthy  and  cheap  homes  for  the  poor,  and  the  re- 
sults realised  the  fullest  hopes  of  the  originators. 

In  1844  we  removed  from  Kentish  Town 
to  our  Highgate  home.  It  was  very  beauti- 
fully situated,  the  slopes  of  the  West  Hill  lying 
at  the  back,  and  the  front  looking  over  Caen 
Wood.  When  we  went  there,  not  even  the 
present  open  park  paling  divided  us  from  the 
park :  there  were  only  a  few  moss-grown  and 
picturesque  hurdles  bordering  the  road  between 
us  and  it,  and  our  lane  was  as  quiet  as  if  it 
had  been  far  in  the  real  country.  The  life 
was,  indeed,  like  that  of  the  country,  and  full 
of  pleasure  to  a  child.  We  had  cows ;  and 
my  longed-for  and  much -enjoyed  pony  in  the 
field ;  and  chickens,  and  dogs,  and  a  goat,  and 
pigs ;  a  perfect  orchard  of  wonderful  apple-trees, 
and  a  wealth  of  roses  that  I  have  never  seen 
equalled.     In  the  summer  came  hay-making  of 


PHILANTHROPIC  AND  MEDICAL  WORK.        95 

our  own,  and  all  this  so  near  London  that 
half  an  hour's  drive  of  our  fast  horse  Ariel 
took  us  to  its  centre.  It  was  indeed  inwardly 
and  outwardly  a  beautiful  home,  and  it  is  the 
one  of  my  childhood  which  is  fullest  of  recol- 
lections of  my  grandfather. 

During  all  my  early  years  he  had,  as  it  were, 
two  works  going  on — the  profession  which  oc- 
cupied his  days,  and  the  work  for  the  various 
reforms,  which  occupied  the  early  mornings  and 
the  quiet  Sundays  alluded  to  in  the  Introduc- 
tion. But  now,  as  the  "ten  years'  struggle" 
advanced,  the  necessity  of  attending  committees 
and  of  having  interviews  with  public  men, 
whom  he  was  interesting  and  bringing  together, 
made  itself  felt;  and  thus  not  only  were  the 
early  mornings,  as  hitherto,  given  up,  but,  as 
the  public  health  cause  advanced,  many  hours 
were  given  out  of  his  professional  time,  and 
he  compressed  that  given  to  his  practice  as 
much  as  possible.  He  worked  enthusiastically, 
and  with  unfailing  energy,  beginning  to  write 
at  four  or  five  (sometimes  even  at  three)  o'clock 
in  the  morning,  and  only  returning  home  to 
dinner   about   eight   o'clock   in   the   evening. 


96  DR  SOUTH  WOOD  SMITH. 

Our  "  Hillside "  was  a  peaceful  and  lovely 
spot  for  him  to  come  to  after  the  day's  work 
in  London,  and  he  made  the  most  of  the  hours 
spent  at  home.  It  was  his  wish,  and  our  habit, 
during  all  possible  weather  to  breakfast  out  in 
the  summer-house,  which  stood  at  the  top  of 
that  piece  of  Lord  Mansfield's  park  which  was 
our  field,  so  that  he  might  carry  the  memory 
of  its  pretty  view,  and  the  feeling  of  its  fresh 
morning  air,  into  town  with  him.  We  dined 
in  the  garden  in  a  tent  under  trees  and  sur- 
rounded by  flower-beds,  and  had  dessert  in  the 
field,  where  the  view  of  the  wooded  slopes  in 
the  light  of  the  setting  sun  gave  much  de- 
light, not  only  to  ourselves,  but  to  many  of 
the  distinguished  friends  who  frequently  joined 
us  on  those  happy  evenings.  These  hours 
were  indeed  happy  ones,  whether  in  summer, 
spent  in  the  field  out  in  the  starlight,  or  in 
winter,  round  his  hospitable  fire  ;  for  he  liked 
to  have,  and  helped  to  make,  happiness  around 
him. 

Sometimes  he  used  to  let  me  tell  him  the 
story  of  my  day — the  wonderful  doings  of  pony, 
dog,    or   newly  -  hatched   little    yellow    chickens. 


PHILANTHROPIC  AND  MEDICAL   WORK.        97 

And  then  he  would  tell  us  of  his  own  work. 
Each  time  that  some  onward  step  of  impor- 
tance had  been  taken  he  told  us  about  it,  but 
when  things  were  uncertain,  or  depressing,  he 
seldom  mentioned  them.  So  that  an  advance 
for  the  cause  came  generally  with  the  pleas- 
ure of  a  sudden  surprise,  but  a  defeat  we  only- 
surmised  by  seeing  him  unusually  grave.  He 
was  naturally  extremely  reserved ;  but  as  he 
advanced  in  years  his  desire  for  sympathy 
overcame  this  reticence  in  some  degree,  so  that 
he  became  ready  to  share  his  thoughts  on  all 
deep  subjects  with  others.  He  rarely  spoke  of 
things  merely  personal,  and  there  was  an  ab- 
sence of  all  littleness  in  his  conversation  which 
was  striking.  A  mixture  of  high  thought  with 
simplicity  of  expression  was  characteristic  of 
him.  I  listened  to  all  that  passed,  and  with 
a  strange,  vague,  but  gradually  -  increasing  un- 
derstanding, I  learned  to  watch  for  the  suc- 
cess of  his  different  efforts. 

The  days  were  over  when  the  height  of  the 
carriage-windows  had  been  an  obstacle  to  my 
view  out  into  the  streets  of  Whitechapel  in 
our  daily  drives,  but  I  was  still  a  child  at  the 

G 


98  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

time  of  the  first  public  meeting  of  the  "  Health 
of  Towns  Association."  To  this  day  the  look 
of  everything  at  that  meeting  is  distinctly  im- 
pressed upon  me :  the  platform ;  the  empty 
chairs  upon  it ;  the  table  and  bottle  of  water ; 
the  crowd  round  us,  which  were  all  new  to  me, 
are  remembered  as  vivid  first  impressions  are. 
And  when,  after  waiting  some  time,  a  number 
of  men  came  in  —  many  of  them  of  great  im- 
portance—  and  I  saw  my  grandfather  amongst 
them,  how  proud  and  glad  I  felt  that  his  efforts 
to  interest  others  had  been  successful,  and  that 
he  now  had  all  this  strength  on  his  side. 

I  did  not  understand  all  that  passed,  but  I 
knew  when  the  speakers  praised  him ;  and  when 
his  speech  came,  towards  the  end  of  the  meeting, 
I  felt  the  thrill  of  his  voice,  and  liked  all  those 
other  people  to  hear  it  too — I  liked  them  to  feel 
what  he  was. 

But  stronger  even  than  the  pride  in  him  was 
the  belief  that  people  must  be  moved  by  the 
truth  that  was  being  brought  forward ;  for,  even 
more  than  himself,  I  loved  his  cause.  He  lost 
himself  in  it,  and  I  caught  from  him  the  desire, 
above  all  else,  for  the  progress  of  the  thing  itself. 


PHILANTHROPIC  AND  MEDICAL   WORK.        99 

It  is  pleasant  to  me  now  to  see  the  words,  only 
partly  understood  then,  in  which  the  public  men 
with  whom  he  worked  expressed  the  feeling  with 
which  he  inspired  them.  "Benevolent,"  "  earnest," 
"  indefatigable," — this  is  what  they  call  him  when 
mentioning  his  name.  Again  and  again  he  was 
thanked  in  the  House  of  Commons  and  House 
of  Lords  for  what  he  had  done. 

"  The  country  was  indebted  to  Dr  South  wood 
Smith  and  Mr  Slaney,"  says  Sir  Robert  Harry 
Inglis,  M.P.,  "for  its  first  knowledge  of  the  real 
condition  of  the  poorer  classes.  Their  unwearied 
labours  for  the  instruction  of  the  Legislature  and 
the  public  on  these  subjects  were  unrewarded  by 
emolument  or  fame ;  though  the  value  of  their 
services  was  beginning  to  be  appreciated,  and 
they  would  be  more  highly  estimated  by  posterity 
than  in  their  own  day." 

And  Mr  Slaney  himself  says  that  "  for  the 
powerful  manner  in  which  he  had  first  described 
the  actual  condition  of  the  poor  in  their  present 
dwellings ;  for  the  clearness  with  which  he  had 
shown  that  their  most  grievous  sufferings  were 
adventitious  and  removable ;  and  for  the  untiring 
zeal  with  which  he  had  continued  to  press  these 


loo  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

truths  on  the  attention  of  the  Legislature  and 
the  public,  Dr  Southwood  Smith  deserved  the 
gratitude  of  his  country." 

In  bringing  in  the  first  sanitary  measure  in 
1 84 1,  Lord  Normanby  speaks  of  what  Dr  South- 
wood  Smith  had  "taught"  him;  and  in  1847  the 
same  tone  is  still  used. 

In  bringing  in  the  Health  of  Towns  Bill  in 
1848,  Lord  Morpeth,  then  Home  Secretary, 
gracefully  disclaims  his  own  share  in  the  work, 
and  alludes  to  my  grandfather,  amongst  others, 
when  saying, — 

"  Several  persons  of  very  great  accomplish- 
ment, and,  what  is  more  to  the  purpose,  of  most 
ardent  benevolence,  both  in  and  out  of  this  House, 
have  taken  great  pains,  in  a  way  which  does 
them  infinite  credit,  to  inform  and  excite  the 
public  mind  on  this  subject ;  and  now,  mainly  by 
the  accident  of  my  position,  I  find  myself  at  the 
last  hour  (as  I  trust  it  may  prove  to  be)  entering 
upon  the  fruit  of  their  labours  and  gleaning  from 
their  stores." 

All  they  could  say  of  his  devotion  to  the  cause 
of  the  people  and  the  saving  of  life  was  true. 
Silently,  almost  unconsciously,  and  as  the  most 


PHILANTHROPIC  AND  MEDICAL   WORK.       loi 

natural  thing  he  could  do,  he  pursued  his  point. 
As  far  as  unceasing  labour  could  enable  him,  he 
carried  on  both  his  professional  and  his  public 
work ;  but  when  it  became  a  question  between 
private  fortune  and  public  good  he  never  hesi- 
tated—  he  steadily  and  persistently  chose  the 
latter. 


I02  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 


CHAPTER    VII. 

THE  TEN  years'  STRUGGLE  FOR  SANITARY 
REFORM,  1 838- 1 848. 

It  is  not  easy  to  convince  a  whole  nation  of  the 
truth  of  new  principles,  however  closely  they  may 
in  reality  affect  its  welfare ;  not  easy  to  produce 
a  degree  of  conviction  that  shall  lead  to  practical, 
tangible  results.  The  early  workers  in  the  public 
movements,  such  as  that  for  Sanitary  Reform, 
have  first  to  spread  such  a  knowledge  of  existing 
evils  as  shall  create  a  general  feeling  of  the  need 
for  improvement.  They  have  to  educate  the 
public  until  it  believes  in  that  need.  And  when 
the  vis  inertia  of  ignorance  and  indifference  is 
overcome,  they  have  to  encounter  the  active  op- 
position of  those  whose  interests  are  bound  up 
with  the  old  abuses,  and  whose  property  would 
be  affected  were  the   evil   swept   away.      Even 


STRUGGLE  FOR  SANITARY  REFORM.  103 

when  it  is  decided  that  something  must  be  done 
they  have  to  bear  a  long  time  of  waiting  until  it 
is  settled  what  that  something  is  to  be,  for  de- 
cision is  not  easy  when  questions  arise  which 
closely  affect  the  property  of  a  powerful  class. 

From  these  causes  arose  the  long  delay  which 
occurred  before  any  mitigation  of  the  suffering 
took  place,  and  hence  it  was  that  the  great  feature 
of  the  period  was  a  succession  of  "  Inquiries  "  and 
of  bills  brought  before  Parliament  and  defeated. 

The  first  step  in  the  House  of  Commons  was 
made  in  1840,  the  year  following  that  which  has 
just  been  spoken  of  as  the  one  from  which  dates 
the  public  beginning  of  the  Sanitary  movement, 
when  Mr  Slaney,  M.P.  (one  of  the  most  earnest 
and  energetic  of  the  early  labourers  in  the  cause) 
obtained  a  Committee  of  the  House  to  "  inquire 
into  the  sanitary  state  of  large  towns  in  England." 
Mr  Slaney  wished  not  only  to  extend  the  inves- 
tigation, but  to  bring  the  striking  results  already 
obtained  directly  before  Parliament. 

My  grandfather  was  the  first  witness  examined 
by  the  Committee,  and  nearly  the  whole  of  his 
evidence  was  transferred  to  its  minutes.  Some 
of  his  words  were — 


I04  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

"  These  miseries  will  continue  till  the  Gov- 
ernment will  pass  measures  which  shall  remove 
the  sources  of  poison  and  disease  from  these 
places.  All  this  suffering  might  be  averted. 
These  poor  people  are  victims  that  are  sacri- 
ficed. The  effect  is  the  same  as  if  twenty  or 
thirty  thousand  of  them  were  annually  taken 
out  of  their  wretched  homes  and  put  to  death; 
the  only  difference  being  that  they  are  left  in 
them  to  die.'' 

And  how  long  was  it  before  any  measure 
to  stop  this  could  be  carried  through  Parlia- 
ment ?  Dating  from  the  time  when  he  first 
examined  Bethnal  Green  and  Whitechapel,  ten 
years.  Not  long,  perhaps,  in  reality,  consider- 
ing the  difficulties  in  the  way,  but  very  long 
to  one  who  not  only  believed,  but  most  deeply 
felt  and  realised,  the  truth  of  such  words  as 
those  quoted  above. 

The  history  of  events  was  this.  In  1841 
Lord  Normanby  brought  in  a  "  Drainage  of 
Buildings  Bill."  It  was  by  no  means  a  perfect 
one.  My  grandfather  wrote  of  it  many  years 
afterwards  in  the  following  words  : — 

"  Subsequent    discussion    and    inquiry   greatly 


f^yi^C^  ^/v^'j 


Q 


%/c^.<^C^ 


^' 


/^-^ 


'k^/K- 


.^ 


^ 


^c^tueJi^ 


'     U^i^-^ 


STRUGGLE  FOR  SANITARY  REFORM.  105 

improved  both  the  principles  and  the  details  of 
sanitary  legislation  as  compared  with  the  pro- 
posals in  this  bill.  Still,  honour  to  the  House 
of  Lords  who  carried  it  with  a  cordial  and 
noble  spirit  through  their  own  House  and  sent 
it  down  to  the  Commons ! " 

The  session,  however,  came  to  an  end  before 
any  discussion  could  there  be  held  on  it. 

Next  year,  1842,  was  presented  Mr  Edwin 
Chadwick's  Report  on  the  Sanitary  Condition  of 
the  Labouring  Population  of  Great  Britain.  He 
was  Secretary  to  the  Poor  Law  Board,  and 
this  Report  was,  in  fact,  a  Return  to  the  Bishop 
of  London's  motion  of  1839.  It  confirmed  and 
extended  the  results  of  previous  inquiries,  and 
greatly  helped  to  prepare  the  way  for  legislation. 

In  1843  Lord  Normanby  made  a  second  at- 
tempt. It  was  again  defeated.  The  Administra- 
tion of  which  he  was  a  member  was  broken  up 
before  much  progress  had  been  made  with  the 
new  and  improved  bill  which  he  had  introduced. 

Now  came  another  Inquiry.     Sir  Robert  Peel's 
Government,  soon  after   coming  into  office,  ap- 
pointed a  Royal  Commission,^  of  which  the  Duke 
^  "  The  Health  of  Towns  Commission." 


io6  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

of  Buccleuch  was  chairman,  "to  inquire  into 
the  state  of  large  towns  and  populous  districts." 
My  grandfather  was  again  the  first  witness  ex- 
amined. Their  report  was  presented  in  June 
1844;  but  during  this  session  no  bill  bearing 
on  sanitary  subjects  was  even  introduced. 

My  grandfather,  however,  who  was  brought 
daily  face  to  face  with  the  preventible  suffering, 
was  not  likely  to  forget  it,  nor  to  relax  his 
efforts.  With  the  calm,  persistent  earnestness 
which  was  characteristic  of  him,  he  worked  on 
and  on.  The  more  defeats,  the  more  necessity 
for  strenuous  exertion. 

Seeing  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  any  practical 
result  from  all  the  labour  that  had  been  devoted 
to  the  improvement  of  the  health  of  the  people, 
he  now  determined  to  try  to  bring  together  the 
distinguished  men  who  had  taken  an  interest  in 
the  cause,  and  who  had  exerted  themselves  to 
promote  it.  He  hoped  that,  thus  united,  they 
would  have  more  power  in  spreading  the  infor- 
mation which  had  been  acquired,  and  in  forcing 
it  on  the  attention  of  the  public  and  the  Legis- 
lature ;  and  he  also  thought  that  a  body  of 
men  acquainted  with  the  subject  would  be  useful 


STRUGGLE  FOR  SANITARY  REFORM.  107. 

in  suggesting  and  discussing  remedies,  and  in 
proposing  legislative  measures. 

He  succeeded  in  this  effort.  He  founded  the 
"  Health  of  Towns  Association "  already  re- 
ferred to,  which,  numbering  amongst  its  mem- 
bers Lord  Normanby,  Lord  Ashley,  Lord  Mor- 
peth, Lord  Robert  Grosvenor,  Lord  Ebrington, 
Mr  Slaney,  M.P.,  and  many  other  influential  men 
both  in  and  out  of  Parliament,  proved  a  highly 
useful  instrument  in  carrying  forward  the  work 
of  Sanitary  Reform  up  to  the  time  of  the  pass- 
ing of  the  Public  Health  Act. 

Its  first  meeting  was  held  in  December  1844, 
and  the  facts  which  the  various  speakers  elo- 
quently brought  out  are  chiefly  summed  up  in 
the  petition  which,  in  accordance  with  one  of 
the  resolutions  then  passed,  was  presented  to 
Parliament. 

Those  to  whom  sanitary  truths  are  familiar 
will  have  little  interest  in  this  repetition  of  what 
they  already  know,  except  as  showing  what  the 
early  sanitary  work  was  before  a  public  opinion 
had  been  formed.  But  it  is  somewhat  curious 
to  look  back  upon  a  time  when  it  was  necessary 
to   state  what  now   appear   self-  evident   truths. 


io8  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

My  grandfather   gives  it  as  the  opinion  of  the 
meeting,  that — 

"  From  the  neglect  of  sewerage,  drainage,  a 
due  supply  of  water,  air,  and  light  to  the  interior 
of  houses,  and  an  efficient  system  of  house  and 
street  cleansing,  a  poisonous  atmosphere  is  en- 
gendered, particularly  in  the  districts  occupied 
by  the  poor,  which  endangers  the  health  and  life 
of  the  whole  community,  but  which  is  particu- 
larly injurious  to  the  industrious  classes. 

"  That  it  appears  from  indubitable  evidence 
that  the  amount  of  deaths  attributable  to  these 
causes  is,  in  England  alone,  upwards  of  40,000 
annually.^ 

"  That  the  great  majority  of  the  persons  who 
thus  prematurely  perish  are  between  the  ages  of 

^  The  statements  as  to  the  saving  of  life  which  would  be  effected 
if  proper  sanitary  measures  were  carried  out  were  necessarily- 
various,  since  the  difference  which  could  be  made  in  the  death-rate 
was  a  matter  of  opinion,  and  had  yet  to  be  proved  by  experiment. 
If,  instead  of  one  death  annually  in  every  46  inhabitants  through- 
out England  and  Wales  (the  then  proportion),  there  should  be  an 
improvement  sufficient  to  secure  there  being  one  death  in  every 
50,  upwards  of  25,000  lives  would  be  saved.  Whilst,  if  the  sanitary 
state  of  towns  could  be  raised  to  that  of  healthy  counties,  there 
would  be  a  saving  of  49,000  lives.  The  Association  seems  to  have 
chosen  something  between  the  least  probable  and  the  highest 
probable  saving  of  life. — G.  L. 


STRUGGLE  FOR  SANITARY  REFORM.  109 

twenty  and  forty,  the  period  when  they  ought 
to  be  most  capable  of  labour  and  are  heads  of 
families  ;  and  that  it  appears  from  official  returns 
that  in  some  districts  nearly  one -third  of  the 
poor-rates  are  expended  in  the  maintenance  of 
destitute  widows  and  orphans  rendered  destitute 
by  the  premature  death  of  adult  males  :  that  the 
number  of  widows  receiving  out- relief  was,  in 
the  year  1844,  86,000;  that  these  widows  had 
dependent  upon  them  111,000  orphan  children; 
and  that  there  were,  besides,  receiving  relief 
in  the  Union  houses,    18,000  orphan  children. 

"  That  the  expense  thus  constantly  incurred 
for  the  maintenance  of  the  destitute  would  in 
many  cases  defray  the  cost  of  putting  the  district 
into  a  good  sanitary  condition,  and  thus  prevent 
the  recurrence  of  these  dreadful  evils. 

That  this  poisonous  atmosphere,  even  when 
not  sufficient  to  destroy  life,  undermines  the 
strength,  deteriorates  the  constitution,  and  ren- 
ders the  labourer  in  a  great  degree  unable  to 
work ;  and  that  there  is  every  reason  to  believe 
that  his  healthy  life  and  working  ability  is 
abridged  in  many  districts  to  the  extent  of 
twelve  years.     And  lastly — 


DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 


"  That  the  moral  and  religious  improvement  of 
the  industrious  classes  is  incompatible  with  such 
a  degree  of  physical  degradation  as  is  actually 
prevalent  in  numerous  instances ;  and  that  until 
the  dwellings  of  the  poor  are  rendered  capable 
of  affording  the  comforts  of  a  home,  the  earnest 
and  best  directed  efforts  of  the  schoolmaster  and 
clergyman  must  in  a  great  degree  be  in  vain." 

In  1845  the  Government  Commission  issued 
their  second  Report.  Another  bill,  founded  on 
this  and  their  former  Report,  was  brought  for- 
ward ;  but  it  was  so  late  in  the  year  that  it  could 
not  be  passed  that  session. 

Lord  Lincoln,  who  brought  it  in,  avowed  that 
his  principal  motive  was  that  it  might  be  con- 
sidered during  the  recess.  "  The  Health  of 
Towns  Association "  was  here  very  useful  in 
publishing  a  report  (addressed  in  the  first  instance 
to  its  own  members)  criticising  the  provisions  of 
this  bill.  My  grandfather  wrote  this  report, 
assisted  by  the  notes  and  suggestions  of  various 
members,  and  by  Mr  Chadwick,  who,  though  not 
connected  with  the  Association,  helped  greatly  on 
this  and  other  occasions. 

Lord  Lincoln's  bill  was  not  again  introduced, 


STRUGGLE  FOR  SANITARY  REFORM.  in 

and  the  only  sign  of  progress  in  these  matters 
during  1846  was  to  be  found  in  the  criticisms 
offered  on  that  abortive  measure. 

It  was  at  this  juncture  that  it  was  thought  well 
to  strengthen  the  hands  of  the  Government  by 
bringing  the  force  of  Petition  to  bear  upon  the 
Legislature.  It  thus  became  important  to  arouse 
the  attention  of  the  working  classes  to  the  subject. 

My  grandfather,  as  one  move  in  this  direction, 
wrote  the  following  address,  which  I  give  in  full. 
It  was  written  from  his  heart,  and,  with  all  its 
calm,  philosophical  mode  of  expression,  burns 
underneath  with  the  white  heat  of  that  earnestness 
which  made  this  sanitary  cause — this  saving  of 
life  and  of  suffering — with  him  almost  a  crusade. 

An  Address  to  the  Working  Classes  of 
THE  United  Kingdom  on  their  Duty 
IN  THE  Present  State  of  the  Sanitary 
Question. 

My  Fellow-Countrymen, 

The  artificial  distinctions  by  which 
the  people  of  a  country  are  divided  into  different 
classes   have   no   relation   to   the   capacities  and 


DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 


endowments  of  our  common  nature.  No  class 
is  higher  or  better  than  another  in  the  sense  of 
having  more  or  different  sentient,  intellectual, 
moral,  and  religious  faculties.  Every  property 
by  which  the  human  being  is  distinguished  from 
the  other  creatures  of  the  earth  is  possessed  alike 
by  rich  and  poor.  Wealth  can  give  to  the  rich 
man  no  additional  powers  of  this  kind,  nor  can 
poverty  deprive  the  poor  man  of  one  of  them. 
Before  these  glorious  gifts  with  which  our  com- 
mon nature  is  endowed,  with  which  all  human 
beings  without  distinction  are  enriched,  and  which 
can  be  neither  added  to  nor  taken  away,  the  little 
distinctions  of  man's  creation  sink  into  absolute 
insignificance. 

It  is  the  universal  possession  of  these  noble 
faculties  by  the  human  race  that  makes  the  gift 
of  human  life  alike  a  boon  to  all.  It  is  the  exer- 
cise of  these  noble  faculties  on  objects  appro- 
priate to  them,  and  worthy  of  them,  that  makes 
life  a  boon.  It  is  because  these  faculties,  when 
duly  exercised  and  properly  directed,  strengthen 
and  enlarge  with  time,  that  the  value  of  life 
increases  with  its  duration.  In  the  mere  pos- 
session of  the  full  number  of  the  years  that  make 


STRUGGLE  FOR  SANITARY  REFORM.  113 

up  the  natural  term  of  life  there  is  a  larger  and 
higher  boon  than  is  apparent  at  first  view.  What 
the  natural  term  of  human  life  may  be  is  indeed 
altogether  unknown ;  because,  although  one  of 
the  characteristics  by  which  man  is  distinguished 
from  other  animals  is,  that  he  is  capable  of  under- 
standing the  conditions  of  his  existence,  and  of 
exerting,  within  a  certain  limit,  a  control  over 
them,  so  as  to  be  able  materially  to  shorten  or  to 
prolong  the  actual  duration  of  his  life, — yet  these 
conditions  have  hitherto  been  so  little  regarded 
that  there  is  not  a  single  example  on  record  of  a 
community  in  which  the  conditions  favourable  to 
life  have  been  present  and  constant,  and  in  which 
the  conditions  unfavourable  to  it  have  been  ex- 
cluded, in  as  complete  a  degree  as  is  obviously 
practicable.  History  is  full  of  instances  in  which 
the  successive  generations  of  a  people  have  been 
swept  away  with  extraordinary  rapidity ;  but  on 
no  page  is  there  to  be  found  the  notice  of  a  single 
nation,  in  ancient  or  modern  times,  the  great  mass 
of  the  population  of  which  has  attained  a  higher 
longevity ;  yet  it  is  certain  that  a  degree  of  lon- 
gevity never  yet  witnessed  has  always  been  attain- 
able, because  such   longevity  depends  on  condi- 

H 


114  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

tions  which  are  now  known — conditions  entirely 
within  human  control. 

I  have  said  that  there  is  involved  in  the  mere 
length  of  life  a  larger  and  higher  boon  than  is 
apparent  without  reflection.  First,  because  length 
of  life  is  in  general  a  tolerably  accurate  measure 
of  the  amount  of  health,  without  a  good  share  of 
which  life  is  comparatively  worthless.  The  in- 
stances are  rare  in  which  a  person  attains  to  old 
age  who  has  not  enjoyed  at  least  a  moderate 
share  of  daily  health  and  vigour. 

Secondly,  because  length  of  life  is  a  perfectly 
accurate  measure  of  the  amount  of  enjoyment. 
Long  life  is  incompatible  with  a  condition  of 
constant  privation  and  wretchedness.  It  is  one 
of  the  beneficences  of  the  constitution  of  our 
nature  that  when  the  balance  of  happiness  is 
against  us,  a  limit  is  fixed  to  our  misery  by  its 
rapid  termination  in  the  insensibility  of  death. 
In  the  very  brevity  of  its  existence,  therefore, 
a  human  being  indicates  his  own  history  for  evil ; 
the  shortness  of  his  life  is  the  sure  and  correct 
index  of  the  amount  of  his  suffering,  physical  and 
mental :  it  is  the  result,  the  sum-total,  the  aggre- 
gate expression,  of  the  ills  endured. 


STRUGGLE  FOR  SANITARY  REFORM.  115 

Thirdly,  because  length  of  life  is  the  protraction 
of  that  portion  of  life,  and  only  of  that  portion  of 
it,  in  which  the  human  being  is  capable  of  the 
greatest  degree  of  usefulness.  I  have  elsewhere 
shown  that  every  year  by  which  the  term  of 
human  life  is  extended  is  really  added  to  the 
period  of  mature  age ;  the  period  when  the  organs 
of  the  body  have  attained  their  full  growth  and 
put  forth  their  full  strength  ;  when  the  physical 
organisation  has  acquired  its  utmost  perfection ; 
when  the  senses,  the  feelings,  the  emotions,  the 
passions,  the  affections  are  in  the  highest  degree 
acute,  intense,  and  varied ;  when  the  intellectual 
faculties,  completely  unfolded  and  developed,  carry 
on  their  operations  with  the  greatest  vigour,  sound- 
ness, and  continuity  :  in  a  word,  when  the  indi- 
vidual is  capable  of  communicating,  as  well  as 
of  receiving,  the  largest  amount  of  the  highest 
kind  of  happiness. 

These  considerations  give  peculiar  interest  to 
the  results  of  the  inquiries  recently  made  into  the 
actual  duration  of  life  at  the  present  time  in  our 
cities,  towns,  and  villages.  From  these  inquiries 
it  appears  not  only  that  the  rate  of  mortality  in 
the  whole  of  England  at  the  present  day  is  de- 


ii6  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

plorably  high,  but  that  there  is  an  extraordinary 
excess  of  mortality  over  and  above  what  is  nat- 
ural, supposing  the  term  at  present  attainable  to 
be  the  natural  term  of  human  life.  The  state- 
ment of  this  excess  presents  to  the  mind  an 
appalling  picture.  From  accurate  calculations, 
based  on  the  observation  of  carefully  recorded 
facts,  it  is  rendered  certain  that  the  annual 
slaughter  in  England  alone  by  causes  that  are 
preventible,  by  causes  that  produce  only  one 
disease  —  namely,  typhus  fever  —  is  more  than 
double  the  loss  sustained  by  the  allied  armies  in 
the  battle  of  Waterloo ;  that  1 36  persons  perish 
every  day  in  England  alone  whose  lives  might 
be  saved ;  that  in  one  single  city — namely,  Man- 
chester—  thirteen  thousand  three  hundred  and 
sixty-two  children  have  perished  in  seven  years 
over  and  above  the  mortality  natural  to  mankind. 
It  appears,  moreover,  that  the  field  in  which 
this  annual  slaughter  takes  place  is  always  and 
everywhere  the  locality  in  which  you  reside,  and 
that  it  is  you  and  your  wives  and  children  who 
are  the  victims.  In  some  instances  in  the  streets, 
courts,  and  alleys  in  which  you  live,  the  mortality 
which  afflicts  you  is  nearly  double,  and  in  others 


STRUGGLE  FOR  SANITARY  REFORM.  117 

it  is  quite  double,  that  of  the  inhabitants  of  other 
streets  in  the  same  district,  and  in  adjoining  dis- 
tricts. While  the  average  age  at  death  of  the 
gentry  and  of  professional  persons  and  their 
families  is  forty- four,  the  average  age  at  death 
attained  by  you  and  your  families  in  many  in- 
stances is  only  twenty-two,  just  one-half, — that  is 
to  say,  comparing  your  condition  with  that  of  the 
professional  persons,  you  and  your  families  are 
deprived  of  one-half  of  your  natural  term  of  life. 

Though  the  causes  by  which  you  and  your 
children  are  thus  immolated  are  well  known ; 
though  they  have  been  constantly  proclaimed  to 
the  public  and  the  Government  for  nearly  ten 
years  past ;  though  their  truth  is  universally 
admitted ;  and  though  it  is  further  admitted  that 
the  causes  in  question  are  removable, — yet  not 
only  has  nothing  whatever  been  done  to  remove 
them,  but  their  operation  during  this  very  year 
has  been  far  more  fatal  than  at  any  period  since 
we  have  had  the  means  of  making  accurate  obser- 
vations on  the  subject.  Thus  we  are  informed 
by  the  Registrar- General,  that  in  the  summer 
quarter  of  the  present  year  Ten  Thousand  Lives 
have  been  destroyed,  in  a  part  only  of  England, 


ii8  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

by  causes  which  there  is  every  reason  to  believe 
may  be  removed  ;  that  in  the  succeeding  quarter — 
namely,  the  quarter  ending  the  30th  of  September 
— the  number  of  deaths  exceeded  the  number  in 
the  corresponding  quarter  of  last  year  by  Fifteen 
Thousand  Two  Hundred  and  Twenty  -  seven ; 
that  is  to  say,  in  the  very  last  quarter  upwards 
of  15,000  persons  perished,  in  a  part  only  of 
England,  beyond  the  mortality  of  the  correspond- 
ing quarter  of  last  year. 

From  this  same  report  it  appears,  further,  that 
in  many  of  our  large  towns  and  populous  districts 
— that  is,  in  the  places  in  which  you  in  great 
numbers  carry  on  your  daily  toil — the  mortality 
has  nearly  doubled ;  in  some  it  has  quite  doubled, 
and  in  others  it  has  actually  more  than  doubled  ; 
that  this  is  the  case  among  other  places  in 
Sheffield  and  Birmingham ;  that  in  Sheffield,  for 
example,  the  number  of  deaths  in  the  last  quarter 
are  double  those  in  the  corresponding  quarter  of 
last  year  and  149  over ;  while  in  Birmingham 
they  are  double  and  239  over. 

"The  causes  of  this  high  mortality,"  says  the 
Registrar- General,  "  have  been  traced  to  crowded 
lodgings,  dirty  dwellings,  personal  uncleanliness, 


STRUGGLE  FOR  SANITARY  REFORM.  119 

and  the  concentration  of  unhealthy  emanations 
from  narrow  streets  without  fresh  air,  water,  or 
sewerage." 

We  are  further  told  by  the  Registrar-General 
that  "  the  returns  of  the  past  quarter  prove  that 
nothing  effectual  has  been  done  to  put  a  stop  to 
the  disease,  suffering,  and  death  in  which  so  many 
thousands  perish ;  that  the  improvements,  chiefly 
of  a  showy,  superficial,  outside  character,  have 
not  reached  the  homes  and  habits  of  the  people ; 
and  that  the  consequence  is  that  thousands,  not 
only  of  the  children,  but  of  the  men  and  women 
themselves,  perish  of  the  diseases  formerly  so 
fatal,  for  the  same  reason,  in  barracks,  camps, 
gaols,  and  ships." 

For  every  one  of  the  lives  of  these  15,000 
persons  who  have  thus  perished  during  the  last 
quarter,  and  who  might  have  been  saved  by 
human  agency,  those  are  responsible  whose  proper 
office  it  is  to  interfere  and  endeavour  to  stay  the 
calamity — who  have  the  power  to  save,  but  who 
will  not  use  it.  But  their  apathy  is  an  additional 
reason  why  you  should  rouse  yourselves,  and 
show  that  you  will  submit  to  this  dreadful  state 
of  things  no  longer.     Let  a  voice  come  from  your 


DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 


Streets,  lanes,  alleys,  courts,  workshops,  and  houses 
that  shall  startle  the  ear  of  the  public  and  com- 
mand the  attention  of  the  Legislature.  The  time 
is  auspicious  for  the  effort ;  it  is  a  case  in  which 
it  is  right  that  you  should  take  a  part,  in  which 
you  are  bound  to  take  a  part,  in  which  your  own 
interests  and  the  wellbeing  of  those  most  dear  to 
you  require  you  to  take  a  part.  The  Govern- 
ment is  disposed  to  espouse  your  cause  ;  but 
narrow,  selfish,  short  -  sighted  interests  will  be 
banded  against  you.  Petition  both  Houses  of 
Parliament.  Call  upon  the  instructed  and  benev- 
olent men  in  the  legislative  body  to  sustain  your 
just  claim  to  protection  and  assistance.  Petition 
Parliament  to  give  you  sewers  ;  petition  Parlia- 
ment to  secure  to  you  constant  and  abundant 
supplies  of  water — supplies  adequate  to  the  un- 
intermitting  and  effectual  cleansing  both  of  your 
sewers  and  streets ;  petition  Parliament  to  remove 
— for  it  is  in  the  power  of  Parliament  universally 
and  completely  to  remove — the  sources  of  poison 
that  surround  your  dwellings,  and  that  carry  dis- 
ease, suffering,  and  death  into  your  homes.  Tell 
them  of  the  parish  of  St  Margaret,  in  Leicester, 
with  a  population  of  22,000  persons,  almost  all  of 


STRUGGLE  FOR  SANITARY  REFORM.  121 

whom  are  artisans,  and  where  the  average  age 
of  death  in  the  whole  parish  was  during  the  year 
1 846  only  eighteen  years  ;  tell  them  that  on  taking 
the  ages  of  death  in  the  different  streets  in  this 
parish,  it  was  found  that  in  those  streets  that 
were  drained  (and  there  was  not  a  single  street 
in  the  place  properly  drained)  the  average  age 
of  death  was  twenty-three  and  a-half  years  ;  that 
in  the  streets  that  were  partially  drained  it  was 
seventeen  and  a-half  years ;  while  in  the  streets 
that  were  entirely  undrained  it  was  only  thirteen 
and  a-half  years. 

You  cannot  disclose  to  them  the  suffering  you 
have  endured  on  your  beds  of  sickness,  and  by 
which  your  wives  and  children  have  been  hurried 
to  their  early  graves — there  is  no  column  in  the 
tables  of  the  Registrar-General  which  can  show 
that ;  but  you  can  tell  them  that  you  know,  and 
you  can  remind  them  that  they  admit,  that  by 
proper  sanitary  regulations  the  same  duration  of 
life  may  be  extended  to  you  and  your  families 
that  is  at  present  enjoyed  by  professional  persons, 
and  that  it  is  possible  to  obtain  for  the  whole 
of  a  town  population  at  least  such  an  average 
duration  of  life  as  is  already  experienced  in  some 


122  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

parts  of  it.  In  your  workshops,  in  your  clubs,  in 
your  institutes,  obtain  signatures  to  your  petitions  : 
get  every  labourer,  every  artisan,  every  tradesman 
whom  you  can  influence,  to  sign  petitions.  Other 
things  must  also  be  done  before  your  condition 
can  be  rendered  prosperous ;  but  this  must  pre- 
cede every  real  improvement :  the  sources  of  the 
poison  that  infects  the  atmosphere  you  breathe 
must  be  dried  up  before  you  can  be  healthy,  and 
uncleanliness  must  be  removed  from  the  exterior 
of  your  dwellings  before  you  can  find  or  make 
a  Home. — I  am  your  friend  and  servant, 

SouTHWooD  Smith. 

\st  January  1847. 

In  this  same  year  1847  a  Royal  Commission — 
"Metropolitan  Sanitary  Commission"  (of  which 
my  grandfather  was  a  member) — was  appointed 
to  inquire  "  whether  any,  and  what,  sanitary 
measures  were  required  for  London." 

To  the  country  at  large,  however,  it  seemed  as 
if  perhaps  there  had  been  enough  "  inquiring." 
The  thing  had  been  considered.  Surely  some- 
thing might  be  done;  and  Lord  Morpeth  now 
brought  forward  a  Government  measure  for 
"improving  the  health  of  towns  in  England." 


STRUGGLE  FOR  SANITARY  REFORM.  123 

In  bringing  in  the  bill,  Lord  Morpeth  first 
gives  a  history  of  the  principal  stages  of  the 
various  inquiries  and  commissions  which  had 
been  helped  on  by  all  parties,  and  by  successive 
Governments.  He  states  that  he  has  nothing 
new  to  bring  forward,  and  can  but  repeat  the 
information  gained  by  others.  He  goes  on  to 
show  by  elaborate  statistics  the  waste  of  life  in 
large  towns. 

"  Thus  the  inhabitants  of  London,"  he  sums 
up,  "  compared  with  England  at  large,  lose  eight 
years  of  their  lives,  of  Liverpool  nineteen.  The 
population  of  the  large  towns  in  England  being 
4,000,000,  the  annual  loss  is  between  21,000  and 
22,000."^ 

But  all  places  are  not  equally  unhealthy,  as 
further  statistics  strikingly  show.  Where  do  we 
find  the  greatest  number  of  deaths  ?  Is  it  where 
wages  are  lowest  and  the  people  poorest  ?  What 
did  Lord  Morpeth  tell  the  House  ? 

"  Let  it  not  be  said,"  he  urges,  "  that  the 
greater  rate  of  mortality  in  certain  districts  is 
owing  to  extreme  poverty  and  the  want  of  the 

^  Lord  Morpeth  speaks  here  of  the  saving  of  life  in  large  towns 
only. 


124  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

necessaries  of  life.  The  condition  of  the  labourers 
of  the  west,  the  lowness  of  their  wages  and  the 
consequent  scantiness  of  their  food  and  clothing, 
have  been  the  subject  of  public  animadversion. 
The  mortality  of  the  south-western  district,  which 
includes  Cornwall,  Devon,  Somerset,  Dorset,  and 
Wilts,  is  only  i  in  52 — not  2  per  cent;  while  that 
of  the  north  -  western,  including  Cheshire  and 
Lancashire,  is  i  in  37.  With  the  exception  of 
the  Cornish  miners  the  condition  of  labourers 
throughout  the  western  counties  is  nearly  the 
same,  yet  in  Wiltshire,  the  county  of  lowest 
wages,  the  deaths  are  1  in  49,  in  Lancashire 
I  in  36.  The  average  age  at  death  in  Wiltshire 
was  thirty-five,  in  Lancashire  twenty-two.  The 
Wiltshire  labourer's  average  age  was  thirty-five, 
that  of  the  Liverpool  operative  fifteen.  At  Man- 
chester, in  1836,  the  average  consumption  per  head 
of  the  population  was  105  lb.  of  butcher's  meat 
— about  2  lb.  a-week  (exclusive  of  bacon,  pork, 
fish,  and  poultry) ;  the  average  age  at  death  was 
twenty  years."  He  then  brings  forward  evidence 
of  the  preventibleness  of  most  of  the  premature 
deaths. 

Having  proved  the  extent  of  the  evil.   Lord 


STRUGGLE  FOR  SANITARY  REFORM.  125 

Morpeth  proceeded  to  show  how  it  was  proposed 
to  meet  it, — by  what  machinery  of  central  board, 
inspectors,  &c ;  and,  lastly,  he  entered  into  the 
money-saving  that  would  be  effected  were  thorough 
sanitary  measures  carried  out.  He  cites  Dr 
Playfair's  estimates,  which  give  the  money  loss, 
through  unnecessary  sickness  and  death,  at 
;^ 1 1,000,000  for  England  and  Wales,  and  at 
;^ 20,000,000  for  the  United  Kingdom.  This 
loss  arises  from  many  causes  :  the  expenses  of 
direct  attendance  on  the  sick ;  the  loss  of  what 
they  would  have  earned ;  the  loss  caused  by  the 
premature  death  of  productive  contributors  to  the 
national  wealth ;  and  the  expenses  of  premature 
funerals. 

But  the  measure  which  was  framed  to  relieve 
this  sum  of  misery,  though  well  and  carefully 
prepared,  was  again  to  be  thrown  out! 

It  was  weary  work.  The  years  were  passing 
away,  and  nothing  was  being  done.  My  grand- 
father used  to  come  home  saddened  by  each 
new  defeat.  He  was  sad  at  the  delay,  but  he 
was  not  disheartened ;  he  knew  that  the  thing 
would  be  done  in  time,  and  that  the  progress 
must  be  slow.      He   could   wait    calmly   in    that 


126  DR  SOUTH  WOOD  SMITH. 

belief  and  enjoy  fully  the  beauty  of  the  sunset 
light  during  the  summer  evenings  passed  in  our 
beautiful  field,  overlooking  the  green  slopes  and 
large  trees  of  Caen  Wood,  Highgate.  There  our 
friends  used  to  come  to  us,  amongst  others  Pro- 
fessor Owen,  Robert  Browning,  William  and 
Mary  Howitt,  and  Hans  Christian  Andersen ; 
and  we  spent  evenings  that  I  can  never  forget, 
staying  out  constantly  till  the  moon  rose  or  the 
stars  came  out.  How  he  loved  nature  and  all 
happy  things ! 

His  faith  did  not  err.  The  work  of  urging 
had  not  been  in  vain ;  the  movement  could  not 
be  stopped ;   the  time  was  ripe. 

The  bill  had  been  thrown  out  in  1847,  but  in 
1848  the  first  sanitary  law,  the  Public  Health 
Act,  passed ! 


GENERAL  BOARD   OF  HEALTH.  127 


CHAPTER   VIII. 

OFFICIAL   LIFE GENERAL    BOARD    OF    HEALTH, 

1848-1854. 

Immediately  after  the  passing  of  the  PubHc 
Health  Act,  Lord  Morpeth  wrote  to  my  grand- 
father that  the  changes  made  in  the  bill  during 
its  passage  through  Parliament  had  prevented 
the  creation  of  any  post  which  could  be  offered 
to  him.  Lord  Morpeth  said,  however,  that  if 
Dr  Southwood  Smith  would  give  the  department 
the  advantage  both  of  his  presence  and  counsel 
by  accepting  a  seat  on  the  Board,  he  hoped 
to  provide  for  him  a  permanent  post,  by  means 
of  a  supplementary  Act,  *'  The  Diseases  Pre- 
vention Act,"  which  the  Government  expected 
to  pass  shortly.  In  answer  to  this  my  grand- 
father wrote  as  follows  : — 


128  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 


38  FiNSBURY  Square,  Sept.  12,  1848. 

My  dear  Lord  Morpeth, — I  thank  you  very 
sincerely  for  your  kind  communication.  .  .  . 
Thanks  to  your  Lordship's  indefatigable  exer- 
tions, a  position  is  now  gained  from  which  it 
is  possible  to  attack,  with  some  hope  of  success, 
the  sources  of  excessive  sickness  and  of  pre- 
mature mortality.  You  have  at  last  laid  the 
foundation  of  Practical  Sanitary  Improvement  ; 
but  the  structure  is  still  to  be  raised,  and  if, 
as  your  Lordship  intimates,  both  you  and  the 
Government  ,are  desirous  that  I  should  assist 
you  in  this  labour,  no  one  will  apply  himself 
with  a  deeper  feeling  of  responsibility,  or  with 
greater  earnestness,  to  what  her  Majesty  justly 
calls  "this  beneficent  work." 

Your  Lordship  will  remember  how  earnest 
I  was  in  December  last,  on  the  publication  of 
the  Bishop  of  London's  Pastoral  Letter,  that 
we  should  at  once  avail  ourselves  of  the  power 
of  the  Contagious  Diseases  Act ;  as  well  to 
make  immediate  preparation  against  the  threat- 
ened visitation  of  cholera,  as  to  check  the  pro- 
gress  of   our   own   native    epidemics,    then    and 


GENERAL  BOARD   OF  HEALTH.  129 

Still  SO  frightfully  prevalent ;  diseases  manifestly 
dependent  on  conditions  within  our  control,  and 
highly  favourable  to  the  spread  of  the  pestilence 
then  menacing,  and  now  still  more  nearly  men- 
acing us.  The  Bishop  of  London  had  called 
earnestly  upon  the  clergymen  of  his  diocese  to 
co-operate  with  the  medical  profession  in  this 
object ;  and  being  desirous  of  ascertaining  the 
state  of  intelliofence  and  feelino-  of  this  natural 
class  of  co-operators  in  such  a  work,  I  visited 
privately  every  clergyman  in  the  Eastern  Dis- 
trict of  London  and  discussed  the  subject  with 
them. 

Without  a  single  exception,  I  found, them  im- 
pressed with  a  sense  of  the  necessity  of  doing 
something,  and  with  a  conviction  that  they  might 
materially  help  the  medical  profession  in  car- 
rying out  any  plan  of  operation  proposed  by 
authority.  The  necessity  of  some  such  general 
plan  is  greater  now  than  it  was  then,  on  account 
of  the  continual  prevalence  in  their  severest 
forms  of  our  own  epidemics,  and  of  the  nearer 
approach  of  cholera.  The  new  "  Contagious 
Diseases  Act,"  the  "  Public  Health  Act,"  and  the 
new  "  Metropolitan  Sewers  Act,"  taken  together, 

I 


I30  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

afford  greater  facilities  for  meeting  this  neces- 
sity than  ever  before  existed ;  and  certainly  it 
is  now  in  the  power  of  the  Government  to  do 
more  for  securing  the  public  health,  and  im- 
proving the  physical  condition  of  the  population, 
than  has  ever  yet  been  attempted  in  any  age 
or  nation, — a  power  which,  if  wisely  and  success- 
fully exerted,  will  reflect  the  highest  honour  on 
the  Government  and  the  country. 

My  intimate  relation  with  the  origin  and  pro- 
gress of  this  work,  and  my  deep  conviction  that 
it  is  one  of  the  most  useful  to  which  experience 
and  science  can  be  applied,  would  render  it  a 
satisfaction  to  me  to  spend  the  remainder  of 
my  life  in  assisting  to  complete  it. — I  am,  my 
Lord,  with  much  esteem  and  regard,  very  faith- 
fully yours,  SouTHWOOD  Smith. 

The  dates  given  at  the  head  of  this  chapter 
(1848  to  1854)  cover  the  period  when  the 
Sanitary  cause  was  completely  successful,  and 
when  my  grandfather  found  himself  one  of  the 
heads  of  a  Government  department  devoted  to 
the  furtherance  of  sanitary  measures  throughout 
the  kingdom — a  department  which  was  called  the 


GENERAL  BOARD   OF  HEALTH.  131 

General  Board  of  Health.  Here,  at  offices  in 
Whitehall,  in  daily  conference  with  Lord  Ashley 
(afterwards  the  Earl  of  Shaftesbury)  and  Mr 
Edwin  Chadwick,  he  could  propagate  knowledge 
on  questions  relating  to  the  public  health,  and 
carry  out  sanitary  measures,  as  from  a  powerful 
centre,  having  the  authority  of  a  Government 
department. 

This  power  of  carrying  out  his  convictions  to 
practical  issues  was  an  immense  satisfaction  to 
my  grandfather's  mind,  and  many  were  the  con- 
gratulations which  he  received  on  this  public 
appointment.  The  following,  from  a  Portsmouth 
physician,  is  interesting  : — 

October  8,  1848. 

Sir, — Though  personally  a  stranger,  permit 
me  to  offer  my  sincere  congratulations  on  your 
appointment  by  her  Majesty's  Government  to  the 
Board  of  Health,  where  the  talents  you  have  so 
long  displayed  will  have  scope  for  the  full  share 
of  utility. 

I  have  traced  and  followed  you  in  the  various 
publications  issued  by  the  Government  and  the 
Health  of  Towns  Association  for  several  years 
past,  and  having  myself,  though  in  a  much  more 


132  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

confined  area,  mingled  with  public  life,  I  know 
the  heart  -  burnings,  the  disappointments  and 
annoyances,  to  which  in  such  a  course  a  man  is 
necessarily  exposed  ;  but  if  reward  come  at  last — 
though  the  delay  has  almost  made  the  heart  sick 
— one  is  then  amply  repaid,  especially  in  a  case 
like  yours,  when  a  whole  kingdom  will  applaud 
the  appointment. 

Permit  me  again,  sir,  to  beg  your  acceptance 
of  my  congratulations. — I  am,  sir,  your  obedient 
servant,  . 

To  Dr  SouTHWooD  Smith,  Whitehall. 

Almost  the  first  work  which  the  Board  of 
Health  had  to  do  was  to  take  measures  to  resist 
an  epidemic  of  Asiatic  cholera.  This  it  did  by 
sending  down  inspectors  from  London  to  instruct 
and  aid  the  local  authorities  in  organising  plans 
for  systematic  cleansing,  and  for  the  removal  of 
the  sick.  The  Board  also  issued  **  Notifications  " 
for  the  purpose  of  instructing  the  public  as  to 
what  precautions  were  necessary  to  avert  an 
attack.  But  above  all,  it  organised,  at  my  grand- 
father's instance,  what  was  called  the  "system  of 
house-to-house  visitation."     My  grandfather  was 


GENERAL  BOARD    OF  HEALTH.  133 

of  Opinion  that  in  every  instance  an  attack  of 
cholera  is  preceded  by  a  period  of  a  few  days 
(sometimes  only  of  a  few  hours)  of  premonitory 
symptoms,  which,  since  they  are  painless,  escape 
notice ;  and  that,  unless  a  specially  appointed 
medical  visitor  goes  round  to  the  houses  of  the 
less  educated  to  inquire,  and  almost  to  cross- 
question,  as  to  the  existence  of  these  symptoms, 
and  to  treat  the  disease  at  once,  this  stage  rapidly 
passes  on  into  developed  cholera,  when  recovery 
becomes  all  but  hopeless.  These  facts  and  ex- 
periences are  brought  out  in  the  General  Board 
of  Health's  Report  on  the  Cholera  Epidemic  of 
1848-49,  presented  to  Parliament  in  1850. 

In  relation  to  this,  Lord  Brougham  thus  wrote 
to  my  grandfather  : — 

"I  also  proclaimed^  your  important  statement 
of  the  preventive  cure  of  cholera,  bearing  further 
testimony  to  the  soundness  of  your  views  from 
Sir  J.  Mordaunt's  account  given  to  me  in  the 
Malta  case. 

"  I  availed  myself  of  the  opportunity  to  give 
you  just  praise,  and  to  note  your  many  valuable 
^  In  the  House  of  Lords. 


134  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

services  to  the  country.  Lord  Lansdowne  amply 
concurred  in  the  statement  by  his  cheers.  But 
such  things  are  never  reported.  Had  you  given 
a  vote  or  an  opinion  on  a  contested  party  matter, 
all  the  papers  would  have  chronicled  your  merits 
and  our  eulogies  of  you. — Ever  yours  truly, 

"  H.  Brougham." 

Another  of  the  subjects  which  the  Board  of 
Health  took  up  was  that  of  quarantine.  Their  first 
report  on  that  subject,  issued  in  1850,  was  con- 
sidered of  sufficient  importance  to  be  translated 
into  various  foreign  languages,  and  was  ordered 
to  be  presented  to  the  Parliaments  of  France  and 
Italy.  I  think  that,  even  if  recent  discoveries 
have  modified  some  of  the  opinions  there  ad- 
vanced, all  the  progress  which  has  been  made 
in  the  prevention  of  disease  by  quarantine  regu- 
lations has  been  in  the  direction  there  indicated — 
that  is,  in  plans  for  cleanliness,  for  the  letting  in 
of  light  and  air,  and  for  the  isolation  of  infected 
persons  in  pure  air,  thus  diluting  the  poison — 
rather  than  in  plans  for  shutting  them  into  con- 
fined quarters  as  was  formerly  done,  thereby 
concentrating  the  poison. 


GENERAL  BOARD   OF  HEALTH.  135 

The  question  of  putting  a  stop  to  burials  in 
overcrowded  churchyards  was  also  taken  up  by 
the  Board.  Their  report  on  "  A  General  Scheme 
for  Extra-mural  Sepulture  "  was  published  also  in 
the  same  year  (1850),  and  proved  very  clearly 
the  evils  arising-  from  the  crowded  state  of  church- 
yards at  that  time. 

The  Board  proposed  that  a  Government  de- 
partment should  be  established  which  should  be 
intrusted  with  the  care  of  the  whole  question  of 
the  burial  of  the  dead ;  that,  in  future,  interment 
should  take  place  only  in  ground  remote  from 
large  towns  ;  and  that  everything  should  be  ar- 
ranged decorously  and  reverently.  My  grand- 
father, personally,  was  much  interested  in  adding 
an  element  of  beauty  in  the  form  of  exquisite  and 
appropriate  cemetery  churches  and  chapels.  But 
only  the  preventive  part  of  the  scheme  was 
carried  out.  What  was  actually  achieved  was 
the  closing  of  the  overcrowded  churchyards ;  the 
provision  of  other  grounds  has  been  left  for 
private  enterprise. 

Thus,  for  six  years,  earnest  men,  at  the  head 
of  a  Health  Department,  spread  information  and 
gave  advice.     The  newspapers  of  the  period  con- 


136  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

tained  many  notices  of  the  various  practical 
measures  devised  by  this  department,  together 
with  comments  and  leading  articles  on  its  re- 
ports on  such  large  and  pressing  questions  as 
cholera,  quarantine,  extra-mural  sepulture,  and 
water-supply.  The  newspapers,  indeed,  began 
to  devote  much  space  to  the  discussion  of  health 
questions  in  all  forms,  so  that  at  last  a  wide- 
spread interest  was  aroused. 

Then  came  a  time  when  the  chief  question  was, 
not  as  to  the  principles,  but  as  to  what  machinery 
could  best  be  employed  to  carry  out  those  prin- 
ciples. 

The  fear  of  "centralisation,"  and  the  desire  for 
local  self-government,  which  is  strong  in  the 
English  people,  caused  opposition  in  Parliament 
to  the  continuance  of  any  Government  depart- 
ment having  such  large  control  over  the  expendi- 
ture of  public  money  on  local  objects ;  so  that  in 
1854  the  original  Board  of  Health  ceased  to  exist, 
but  did  not  cease  till  sanitary  principles  and 
sanitary  science,  once  unknown  or  despised,  were 
acknowledged  throughout  the  country,  and  recog- 
nised as  one  of  the  fundamental  needs  lying  at 
the  root  of  all  efforts  to  benefit  the  community. 


GENERAL  BOARD   OF  HEALTH.  137 

With  the  ending  of  this  department  my  grand- 
father's official  Hfe  came  to  a  close.  From  a 
personal  point  of  view  this  cessation  of  his 
public  work  was  somewhat  softened  by  the 
following  letter,  written  at  the  desire  of  the 
Prime  Minister  : — 

Whitehall,  \2th  August,  1854. 
Sir — I  am  directed  by  Viscount  Palmerston  to 
inform  you  that  he  cannot  allow  you  to  quit  the 
Board  which  this  day  ceases  to  exist  by  the  ex- 
piration of  the  Act  of  Parliament  by  which  it  was 
constituted,  without  conveying  to  you  the  full 
approbation  of  her  Majesty's  Government  of  the 
zealous,  able,  and  indefatigable  manner  in  which 
you  have  performed  the  important  duties  which 
have  belonged  to  your  official  situation ;  and  his 
Lordship  desires  me  to  express  to  you  the  great 
regret  which  he  feels,  that  an  adverse  decision 
of  the  House  of  Commons  as  to  an  arrangement 
which  his  Lordship  had  proposed  for  the  re- 
construction of  the  Board  of  Health  has  led 
to  so  abrupt  a  cessation  of  your  employment. 
— I  am,  sir,  your  obedient  servant, 

Henry  Fitzroy. 

Dr  SouTHWooD  Smith. 


138  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

According  to  the  rules  of  the  service,  my  grand- 
father was  not  entitled  to  a  retiring  allowance, 
because  so  much  of  the  work  he  had  done  had 
been  unpaid.  A  few  years  afterwards,  however, 
a  Government  pension  was  awarded  him  in  con- 
sideration of  the  services  which  he  had  rendered 
to  the  country. 


RETIREMENT  FROM  PUBLIC  LIFE.  139 


CHAPTER   IX. 

RETIREMENT    FROM    PUBLIC    LIFE ST    GEORGe's 

HILL,    WEYBRIDGE,    1854-1860. 

When  his  official  life  came  to  a  close,  my  grand- 
father retired  to  a  house  on  Weybridge  Heath, 
and  he  met  the  sudden  cessation  of  his  eager 
public  life  with  the  same  calm  courage  with  which 
he  had  met  all  the  other  crises  in  his  career. 

This  house  had  been  built  on  a  beautiful  spot 
as  a  gathering-place  for  his  much-loved  and  some- 
what scattered  family,  and  the  beauty  of  its  posi- 
tion came  to  be  a  great  comfort  to  him  when  he 
turned  his  quiet  days  to  the  prosecution  of  literary 
work  in  his  little  study,  which,  opening  on  to  a 
sunny  terraced  walk,  overlooked,  through  vistas 
of  dark  -  green  pines  and  yellow  birch  -  trees, 
the  miles  of  blue  distance  which  stretched  out 
southwards  to  the  Surrey  and  Hampshire  hills. 


I40  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

Through  the  kindness  of  Lord  Ellesmere,  whose 
property  adjoined,  there  was  a  small  private  gate 
leading  from  our  own  little  firwood  on  to  St 
George's  Hill  itself;  and,  in  the  intervals  of  his 
writing,  frequent  strolls  on  to  its  beautiful  slopes 
were  a  great  source  of  pleasure  during  that  first 
autumn  and  in  all  the  ensuing  years.  The  heather 
banks  and  wooded  dells  brought  him  much  joy  ; 
for,  as  always,  it  was  in  the  presence  of  nature 
and  in  the  stillness  of  the  country  that  he  gathered 
strength.  The  strain  of  the  last  few  months  had 
been  great,  and  it  was  well  that  the  closing  of  the 
year  brought  with  it  the  much-needed  rest. 

He  now  gave  a  good  deal  of  time  to  physio- 
logical study,  turning  to  his  old  subjects  with  the 
vigour  of  a  younger  man,  and  entering  with  the 
deepest  interest  into  the  discoveries  of  later 
science.  He  did  this  with  a  view  of  bringing  his 
early  book,  '  The  Philosophy  of  Health,'  which  at 
the  time  of  its  publication  had  made  so  much 
mark,  up  to  the  standard  of  modern  knowledge ; 
and  though  he  did  not  live  to  complete  this  task, 
the  reading  for  it  gave  a  living  interest  to  those 
years  of  quiet  country  life. 

He  had  also  much  satisfaction  in  writinof  and 


RETIREMENT  FROM  PUBLIC  LIFE.  141 

publishing  a  pamphlet  called  '  Results  of  Sanitary 
Improvement,'  based  mainly  on  the  experience 
obtained  in  the  "  Model  Dwellings  "  for  the  work- 
ing classes,  of  which  he  had  been  the  originator. 
This  pamphlet,  coming  as  it  did  before  many 
influential  men  throughout  the  country,  spread 
the  good  news  of  progress  far  and  wide. 

A  further  instance  of  the  fruit  of  his  labours 
was  afforded  him  by  his  visit  to  Edinburgh, 
in  November  1855,  when  he  lectured  on  his 
own  subject,  "  Epidemics,"  at  the  Philosophical 
Institution,  where  a  brilliant  reception  and  dis- 
tinguished audience  awaited  him.^ 

I  have  a  vivid  recollection  of  his  pleasure 
in  the  beauty  of  Alnwick  as  we  journeyed 
north  —  of  its  old  castle's  warm  grey  walls,  its 
lovely  woods  and  clear  running  streams,  dur- 
ing a  sunny  Sunday  which  we  passed  there, — 
the  gold  and  russet  tints  of  autumn  shining 
out  against  a  perfectly  blue  sky ;  and  I  also 
remember  the  satisfaction  he  had  in  hearing 
from  the   Mayor,  who  took  us  round  the  town, 

*  Epidemics  considered  with  relation  to  their  Common  Nature 
and  to  Climate  and  Civilisation.  Published  by  Edmonston  & 
Douglas,  Edinburgh,  1856. 


142  DR  SOUTH  WOOD  SMITH. 

of  the  pure  water  and  good  drainage  lately 
introduced.  Alnwick  was,  I  believe,  one  of  the 
first  places  which  adopted  the  sanitary  meas- 
ures advised  by  the  General  Board  of  Health, 
so  that  here  he  had  the  gratification  of  seeing 
some  of  the  great  reforms  practically  carried  out. 

As  I  am  recalling  the  various  sources  of  com- 
fort which  came  to  my  grandfather  during  these 
years  at  Weybridge,  I  must  mention  the  great 
happiness  which  arose  from  the  opening  out 
of  the  lives  of  two  of  his  granddaughters,  Mir- 
anda and  Octavia  Hill ;  for  it  was  at  this  time 
that  they — at  the  ages  of  nineteen  and  sixteen 
— took  the  responsibilities  of  their  lives  upon 
themselves,  and  began  the  great  and  good  works 
which  they  have  since  carried  to  such  wide 
issues. 

In  his  retirement,  letters  of  appreciation  and 
sympathy  reached  him  from  many  of  the  public 
men  with  whom  he  had  worked,  expressing  in 
various  ways  that  which  Lord  Shaftesbury,  who 
knew  him  as  well  as  any,  gives  as  his  own 
feeling  when  writing  to  a  mutual  friend  : — 

"  I  have  known  Dr  Southwood  Smith  well, 
having   sat  with    him   during  four  years  and  in 


RETIREMENT  FROM  PUBLIC  LIFE.  143 

very  trying  times  at  the  Board  of  Health.  A 
more  able,  diligent,  zealous,  and  benevolent  man 
does  not  exist.  No  work  ever  seemed  too  much 
for  him  if  it  were  to  do  good.  His  great  services 
will  not,  I  fear,  be  appreciated  in  this  generation." 

Such  words  as  these  cannot  but  have  been 
gratifying  to  my  grandfather;  but  in  1858  those 
who  shared  these  sentiments  resolved  to  make 
a  clearer  and  more  public  demonstration  of  their 
sense  of  the  value  of  the  services  which  he  had 
rendered  to  the  country.  At  a  preliminary  meet- 
ing held  on  the  7th  May  1856  it  was  agreed 
that  this  recognition  should  take  the  form, 
primarily,  of  a  memorial  bust,  to  be  presented 
to  a  suitable  public  institution.  This  intention 
was  communicated  to  Dr  Southwood  Smith  at 
the  final  meeting  held  at  the  house  of  Lord 
Shaftesbury,  24  Grosvenor  Square,  on  the  6th 
of  December  1858,  and  was  accompanied  by  a 
short  address. 

I  give  his  own  words  of  thanks,  as  they  show 
not  only  the  pleasure  this  recognition  afforded 
him,  but  also  —  what  is  so  characteristic  of  him 
— his  joy  in  the  progress  of  his  cause,  quite 
apart  from  his  personal  share  in  it : — 


144  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

"  My  Lord,  I  need  not  say  how  deeply  I 
feel  the  kindness  that  prompted  the  proceeding 
which  has  led  to  this  meeting.  If  anything  could 
increase  the  intensity  of  that  feeling,  it  would 
be  the  words  in  which  you  have  given  expression 
to  your  sentiments  in  this  matter,  and  to  those 
of  the  rest  of  the  subscribers  to  this  recognition. 

"The  labourers  in  the  work  of  sanitary  re- 
form have  been  many  ;  and  it  is  by  the  united 
efforts  of  some  of  the  most  enlightened,  disin- 
terested, and  learned  men  that  shed  lustre  on 
this  century,  that  this  great  work  has  been  placed 
in  its  present  position. 

"  That  such  names  as  those  which  grace  this 
Tablet^  should  have  united  to  express  their 
sense  of  the  value  of  any  part  which  I  may 
have  taken  in  this  work,  will  ever  be  to  me 
a  source,  I  do  not  say  of  happiness  only,  but 
of  that  rare  and  pure  happiness  which  results 
not  alone  from  the  inward  consciousness  of  de- 
votion to  duty  through  encouragement  and  dis- 
couragement, through  evil  and  through  good 
report,  but  also  from  the  knowledge  that  such 
judges  of  the  matter  justify  that  consciousness, 
^  See  Appendix  II,,  p.  164. 


RETIREMENT  FROM  PUBLIC  LIFE.  145 

and  in  my  own  individual  case  have  so  placed 
their  judgment  on  record,  that  it  may  be  present 
to  me  to  the  latest  day  of  my  life  and  to  my 
children  and  my  children's  children. 

"  I  will  only  add  that  the  honourable  names 
on  this  Record  give  me  this  further  delight, 
that  they  are  to  me  a  pledge  that  Sanitary 
Improvement  will  go  on.  They  thus  bear  their 
testimony  to  their  sense  of  its  importance,  and 
they,  from  their  position  and  character,  can 
ensure  its  progress.  The  first  labourers  in  this 
work  may  not  be  permitted  to  complete  it, — 
they  seldom  are  in  any  great  work ;  but,  who- 
ever may  have  the  satisfaction  of  completing 
it,  that  work  —  whatever  obstacles  may  retard, 
whatever  short  -  sighted  and  short  -  lived  inter- 
ests may  oppose  it,  however  it  may  seem  for 
a  while  not  to  advance  —  that  work  will  be 
done;  and  the  time  will  come  when  not  only 
the  professional  man  and  the  educator,  but  the 
legislator,  the  statesman,  the  general,  the  min- 
ister of  religion — in  a  word,  every  one  to  whom 
is  entrusted  the  care,  the  guidance,  and  the 
control  of  numbers,  will  feel  ashamed  to  be 
ignorant,    and   indeed    will    be    accounted    unfit 

K 


146  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

for   his    office   if  he    be    ignorant,    of    the    laws 
of  human  health  and  life." 

Yes !  That  his  work  had  lived  and  would 
live,  this  was  what  he  cared  for.  This  it  was 
that  kept  him  uniformly  brave  and  bright,  and 
made  him  say  to  me  one  evening  in  tones  of 
grateful  joy — we  were  sitting  on  the  wide  balcony 
watching  the  moon  rise  over  the  fir-tree  tops, 
his  hand  in  mine  as  of  old, — 

"  I  have  indeed  succeeded !  I  have  lived 
to  see  seven  millions  of  the  public  money  ex- 
pended on  this  great  cause.  If  any  one  had 
told  me,  when  I  began,  that  this  would  be, 
I  should  have  considered  it  absolutely  in- 
credible." 


THE  SUNSET  OF  LIFE— ITALY.  147 


CHAPTER   X. 

THE    SUNSET    OF    LIFE ITALY,     I  86 1. 

My  grandfather  had  travelled  abroad  but  little  dur- 
ing- his  strenuous  life.  He  had,  it  is  true,  been  to 
Paris  in  1850,  accompanied  by  Mr  Charles  Mac- 
aulay,  Dr  John  Sutherland,  and  Mr  (afterwards  Sir 
Henry)  Rawlinson,  on  business  connected  with  the 
General  Board  of  Health  scheme  for  extra-mural 
sepulture,  but,  except  on  that  occasion,  he  had 
not  left  England. 

So  that  when  in  1857  he  was  asked  to  join 
a  party  of  three  proceeding  to  Milan  for  the 
purpose  of  examining  the  irrigation  works  of 
that  city,  he  gladly  undertook  the  journey,  which 
was  to  lead  them  via  Marseilles  and  along  the 
Cornice  Road,  then  traversed  by  carriage  only. 
The  beauty  of  Italy  thus  came  before  him  with 
full  freshness  at  the  age  of  seventy,  and  he  re- 
turned strengthened  and  invigorated. 


148  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

The  following  year  my  grandfather  lost  his 
wife.  She  died  at  The  Pines,  at  Weybridge, 
after  a  short  illness,  in  the  summer  of  1858. 

Two  years  later  he  was  able  to  carry  out  his 
cherished  hope  of  returning  to  Italy,  and  we  went 
to  Florence,  where  his  daughter  Emily  had  been 
living  for  some  years.  She  welcomed  us  to  the 
rooms  she  had  secured  in  an  old  palace  beyond 
the  Arno  —  to  the  artistic  Italian  surroundings 
of  which  she  had  added  something  of  the  atmo- 
sphere of  an  English  home. 

His  delight  in  the  art  and  nature  of  Florence 
and  its  environs  w^as  intense,  and  the  beauty  of 
land  and  sky  seems  to  make  a  fitting  setting 
for  the  end  of  such  a  life  as  his. 

He  stood  on  the  old  jeweller's  bridge,  one 
autumn  evening  late  in  November,  and  watched 
the  sun  go  down  behind  the  western  hill  of  the 
rushing  Arno ;  and  the  sunset  of  his  own  life 
came  soon  after.  Perhaps  he  had  lingered  too 
long  gazing  at  this  beautiful  scene ;  for  a  chill, 
producing  rapid  bronchitis,  took  him  from  us  on 
the  loth  December  1861. 

Towards  the  end,  when  he  knew  he  was  pass- 
ing away,  after  other  gentle  loving  words,  almost 
his  last  were — with  a  sweet  triumphant  smile — 


THE  SUNSET  OF  LIFE— ITALY.  149 

"  Draw  up  the  blind  and   let  me  see  the  stars ; 
for  I   still  love  the  beauty." 


At  the  cemetery  at  Porta  Pinti  are  some 
sombre  gates  with,  over  them,  the  words  "lis 
se  reposent  de  leurs  travaux,  et  leurs  oeuvres  les 
suivent."  Those  black  gates  opened  one  sunny 
December  morning  and  showed  a  sloping  avenue 
of  marble  tombs,  tangles  of  pink  and  of  white 
China  roses  in  full  flower  falling  over  them,  and 
at  the  end  a  tall  white  cross  shining  in  the 
sunlight  against  the  blue  Italian  sky, — fit  type 
of  the  black  gates  of  death,  which  had  rolled 
back  to  let  him  pass  into  the  Eternal  Light 
beyond. 

There  we  left  him  in  completest  trust,  our 
"  Knight  Errant,"  after  his  life's  warfare. 


For  there  is  a  poem  by  Adelaide  Procter  (on 
whom  written  I  know  not)  which  seems  to  give, 
with  the  full  force  of  poetical  presentation,  the 
spirit  of  the  Life  I  have  tried  to  depict.  It  even 
seems  to   follow  the  very  order  of  the   periods 

of  that  life  —  oui'  hero  following  the    course   of 

m 


ISO  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

hers ;   and  thus  fulfilling   Mrs   Browning's  words 
when  she  says — 

"  Ingemisco,  ingemisco ! 
Is  ever  a  lament  begun 
By  any  mourner  under  sun 
Which,  ere  it  endeth,  suits  but  one  ?  " 

In  my  extract-book  the  following  lines  have 
lain  away  for  the  nearly  forty  years  which  have 
passed  since  he  went  from  us,  and  they  still 
remain,  to  me,  the  best  expression  of  what  he 
was.  I  find,  in  pencil,  against  the  verses  the 
place  or  date  which  they  symbolise. 

If  those  who  have  read  these  pages  see  their 
aptness,  they  will  learn  from  them,  more  than 
from  any  words  of  mine,  what  measure  of  man 
he  was. 

A  Knight  Errant. 

"  Though  he  hved  and  died  amongst  us,         Bristol, 
Yet  his  name  may  be  enrolled  Edinburgh, 

With  the  knights  whose  deeds  of  daring 
Ancient  chronicles  have  told. 

Still  a  stripling  he  encountered 

Poverty,  and  suffered  long. 
Gathering  force  from  every  effort 

Till  he  knew  his  arm  was  strong. 


THE  SUNSET  OF  LIFE— ITALY.  151 

Then  his  heart  and  life  he  offered 

To  his  radiant  mistress — Truth. 
Never  thought  or  dream  of  faltering 

Marred  the  promise  of  his  youth. 

So  he  rode  forth  to  defend  her,  London,  1820 

And  her  peerless  worth  proclaim ;  ^^  ^^54- 

Challenging  each  recreant  doubter 
Who  aspersed  her  spotless  name. 

First  upon  his  path  stood  Ignorance, 

Hideous  in  his  brutal  might ; 
Hard  the  blows  and  long  the  battle 

Ere  the  monster  took  to  flight. 

Then,  with  light  and  fearless  spirit, 

Prejudice  he  dared  to  brave. 
Hunting  back  the  lying  craven 

To  her  black  sulphureous  cave. 

Followed  by  his  servile  minions. 

Custom,  the  old  Giant,  rose ; 
Yet  he,  too,  at  last  was  conquered 

By  the  good  Knight's  weighty  blows. 

Once  again  he  rose  a  conqueror,  Weybridge, 

And,  though  wounded  in  the  fight. 
With  a  dying  smile  of  triumph 

Saw  that  Truth  had  gained  her  right. 

On  his  failing  ear  re-echoing 

Came  the  shouting  round  her  throne ; 
Little  cared  he  that  no  future 

With  her  name  would  link  his  own. 


152  DR   SOUTH  WOOD  SMITH. 

Spent  with  many  a  hard-fought  battle 

Slowly  ebbed  his  life  away, 
And  the  crowd  that  flocked  to  greet  her 

Trampled  on  him  where  he  lay. 

Gathering  all  his  strength  he  saw  her  Italy. 

Crowned  and  reigning  in  her  pride, 
Looked  his  last  upon  her  beauty, 

Raised  his  eyes  to  God — and  died." 

— A.  A.  Procter. 


THE  AFTERGLOW.  153 


CHAPTER    XI. 


THE    AFTERGLOW. 


It  was  at  this  time  that  the  Prince  Consort 
died,  and  England  was  full  of  mourning.  Lord 
Shaftesbury  speaks,  in  his  diary  of  December 
16,  1 86 1,  of  that  national  loss,  and  then  alludes 
to  the  death  of  my  grandfather  in  these  words  : — 

"  I  hear,  too,  that  my  valued  friend  and  co- 
adjutor in  efforts  for  the  sanitary  improvement 
of  England  is  gone — the  learned,  warm-hearted, 
highly-gifted  Southwood  Smith." 

But  the  work  he  had  set  on  foot  and  the 
principles  he  had  established  did  not  end  with 
his  life.  They  have  gone  on  with  an  ever-in- 
creasing vitality  to  this  day. 

The  efforts  he  made  for  the  non-employment 
of  women  and  young  children  in  mines  have 
resulted  in  the  entire  cessation  of  the  practice ; 


154  DR  SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

while  his  work  for  the  provision  of  proper 
schooling  for  factory  children  has  culminated 
now  in  a  whole  system  of  workhouse  and  fac- 
tory supervision  and  in  the  school-board  system 
throughout  the  land. 

Intramural  burial  is  virtually  at  an  end.  And 
the  "Home  Hospitals"  and  "Nursing  Homes," 
which  are  established  in  all  our  large  towns,  are 
the  successors  of  that  "  Sanatorium,  or  Home 
in  Sickness,"  which  he  devised,  and  for  which 
Charles  Dickens  pleaded  in  its  early  days. 

The  marshy  Bethnal  Green  and  Spitalfields, 
where  he  first  visited  the  individual  homes, 
and  which  he  took  Lord  Normanby  and  Lord 
Ashley  to  see,  are  now  comparatively  healthy 
places.  He  found  them  without  water;  there 
is  now  water  laid  on  to  every  house.  He  found 
them  without  drainage ;  now  a  complete  and 
scientific  system  of  drainage  exists  throughout 
the  metropolis.  The  "^7,000,000  of  public 
money  spent  on  sanitary  reform,"  over  which 
he  rejoiced  so  greatly,  is,  since  he  spoke  in  1857, 
increased  by  all  the  millions  spent  on  such  works 
in  the  last  forty  years. 

His  first  set    of   "  Model   Dwellings,"    in   the 


THE  AFTERGLOW.  155 

St  Pancras  Road,  is  now  multiplied  by  the 
countless  blocks  of  such  in  all  the  large  towns 
of  England.  Sanitary  Law  and  Sanitary  In- 
spection everywhere  prevail,  and  the  thousands 
of  lives  annually  saved — the  lowered  death-rate 
both  in  town  and  country  —  attests  the  power 
of  the  laws  he  was  one  of  the  first  to  perceive 
and   proclaim. 

To  show  the  saving  of  life  in  London  alone, 
the  death-rate  in  the  early  "forties"  was  26  in 
the  thousand,  it  is  now  19  ;  whilst  in  the  Model 
Dwellings  the  improvement  is  even  more  strik- 
ing, since  there  it  is  not  more  than  half  that  of 
London  at  large.  To  show  how  completely  the 
experiment  he  made  to  prove  the  possible  health- 
fulness  of  such  dwellings  has  answered,  it  is  only 
necessary  to  quote  the  figures  given  in  the  re- 
port just  issued  for  this  fifty-third  year  of  the 
Society  which  he  founded. 

"  The  rate  of  mortality,"  we  learn,  "  in  the 
Dwellings  of  the  Association,  was  9"64'per  1000, 
including  12  deaths  which  occurred  in  hospitals, 
infirmaries,  &c.  In  the  entire  metropolis  the 
rate  was  i8'2  per  1000.  As  regards  infant  mor- 
tality,  the  deaths   under  one   year  of  age  were 


156  DR   SOUTHWOOD  SMITH. 

at  the  rate  of  79  in  every  1000  births  ;  and  in 
the  entire  metropolis,  at  the  rate  of  161  per 
1000  births." 

Allusion  has  been  made  to  the  bust  which 
was  executed  as  a  tribute  to  the  public  services 
of  my  grandfather  by  those  whom  we  have  called 
the  Pioneers  of  Sanitary  Reform  —  Lord  Nor- 
manby,  Lord  Shaftesbury,  Lord  Carlisle  (for- 
merly Lord  Morpeth),  Charles  Dickens,  Mr 
Slaney,  and  others.  This  bust  is  now  in  the 
National  Portrait  Gallery,  and  accompanying  it 
are  the  following  lines  by  Leigh  Hunt,  which 
proclaim  the  services  of  his  life  in  the  cause 
of  the  poor   to  wider  circles  still:  — 

"  Ages  shall  honour,  in  their  hearts  enshrined, 
Thee,  Southwood  Smith,  Physician  of  Mankind ; 
Bringer  of  Air,  Light,  Health  into  the  Home 
Of  the  rich  Poor  of  happier  times  to  come  ! " 


APPENDIX 


APPENDIX    I. 


Letter  from  Mr  Taylor,  Assistant  Returning 
Officer  of  the  Whitechapel  Union,  to  Dr 
Southwood  Smith  ;  written  at  the  request  of 
the  latter,  for  Lord  Ashley's  use,  after  their 
personal  inspection  of  Bethnal  Green  and  White- 
chapel. 

289  Bethnal  Green  Road,  Feb.  5,  1842. 

My  dear  Doctor,— Lord  Ashley,  the  Hon'''^-  Mr 
Ashley,  and  yourself  visited  the  following  places  with 
me.  I  have  arranged  them  in  the  form  of  a  table :  in 
one  column  is  the  name  of  the  street,  and,  opposite,  a 
brief  notice  of  its  condition,  with  an  occasional  remark 
by  which  his  Lordship  may  recognise  it. 

Apologising  for  the  length  of  time  that  has  elapsed 
since  I  promised  to  forward  this  account  to  you,  I 
remain,  dear  Doctor,  Your  Obed"'-  Serv'-, 

T.  Taylor. 


i6o 


APPENDIX. 


First  Visit. 
Back  of  Chester  Place. 
Pitt  Street. 


Burnham  Square. 
Grosvenor  Street. 
Bonner  Street. 


Pleasant  Place. 
Green  Street. 

Baker  Street. 
Digby  Street. 


James  Street. 
Bethnal     Green      Road 
(eastern  end). 


Sanderson's  Gardens. 


Pitt      Street,      Bethnal 
Green  Road. 


Open  ditch  and  several  pigsties. 

Awretched  road,  no  drainage.  Hon.  Mr 
Ashley  spoke  to  one  of  the  inhabi- 
tants respecting  the  state  of  the  road. 

Houses  built  on  undrained  ground. 

Undrained  houses  on  one  side  not  sup- 
plied with  water  (all  the  houses  on 
this  estate,  to  the  amount  of  about 
200  or  more,  in  the  same  condition, 
the  inhabitants  having  to  go  to  a 
distant  pump  or  beg  of  their  neigh- 
bours, who  have  had  it  laid  on  at 
their  own  expense,  and  who  for  giv- 
ing it  are  liable  to  punishment). 
Bonner  Street  has  an  open  ditch  in 
front  of  part  of  it. 

Road  a  perfect  quagmire. 

Stagnant  water  on  southern  side  and 
also  on  part  of  the  northern. 

Houses  back  to  back,  consisting  of  two 
rooms,  each  one  above  the  other. 
Privies  close  to  windows  of  lower 
rooms.  Baker's  night-yard  is  in  this 
street. 

Another  night-yard. 

No  drainage,  many  of  the  houses  having 
10  inches  to  2  feet  of  water  in  the 
cellars,  which  are  from  3  feet  to  3  feet 
8  inches  only  below  the  level  of  the 
road. 

Houses  on  each  side  below  the  level  of 
the  pathway,  which  has  a  gutter  in 
the  middle.  (Lord  Ashley  spoke  to 
one  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  place.) 

A  narrow  street  with  only  surface 
drainage.  (Fever  was  very  prevalent 
here.) 


APPENDIX. 


i6i 


Cambden  Gardens. 


Lamb's  Fields. 


London  Street. 
Rupia  Lane. 
Ann's  Place. 

Houses  at  the  back   of 
Ann's  Place. 


A  group  of  streets  to  the 
north  of  Slacky  Road. 
Warmer  Place. 

Wellington  Pond. 


A  thoroughfare  leading 
from  bottom  of  Pol- 
lards Row  to  Welling- 
ton Row. 

Squirries  Street. 

Wellington  Row. 


Houses  built  on  the  soil,  many  of  them 
not  being  larger  than  an  8-feet  cube, 
are  inhabited. 

An  acre  at  least  of  complete  marsh  and 
three  open  ditches — one  on  the  north, 
another  in  the  middle,  and  the  third 
to  the  eastern  side  close  to  the  backs 
of  the  houses  in  North  Street. 

Undrained. 

Two  open  ditches. 

Open  sewer  in  front  of  some  of  the 
houses. 

The  open  sewer  from  Ann's  Place  passes 
beneath  one  of  the  houses  and  then  is 
again  open  to  the  houses  at  the  back, 
but  is  boarded  in  so  that  Lord  Ashley 
had  to  mount  a  boundary  stone  to  ob- 
tain the  view  of  it. 

All  the  houses  stained  with  damp  to  a 
height  varying  from  i  to  2  or  more  feet. 

An  open  sewer  in  front  of  the  houses 
giving  off  bubbles  of  gas  very  freely. 

A  large  piece  of  water  into  which  the 
above  sewer  drains  —  gives  off  con- 
stantly innumerable  bubbles  of  gas, 
and  the  stench  is  sometimes  abomin- 
able. Persons  who  have  accidentally 
fallen  into  it,  though  taken  out  im- 
mediately, have  all  died. 

The  lucifer  match  manufactory  faces 
this  road,  into  which  we  all  went. 
An  open  ditch  in  the  most  filthy  con- 
dition. 

Green  stagnant  water  on  each  side. 

Lower  rooms  all  damp.  An  open  ditch 
in  front  Western  end  soft  mud,  into 
which  the  wheels  of  a  waggon  sank 
14  or  15  inches  as  it  passed. 


1 62 


APPENDIX. 


North  Street  and  some 
of  the  houses  at  the 
back. 

Waterloo  Town  (several 
streets). 


Lord  Ashley  saw  the  landlord  of  some 
of  them. 

All  undrained,  but  part  of  Manchester 
Street  and  Albion  Street.  Many 
variations  of  level  of  several  feet  at 
a  distance  of  a  few  yards  only,  as 
Manchester  Place,  Derbyshire  Street, 
Sale  Street.  Many  of  the  houses 
back  to  back  and  consisting  of  five 
ground-floor  rooms  only. 


Second  Visit. 

George  Street. 

Old  Bethnal  Green 
Road. 

Clare  Street,  Felix 
Street,  Centre  Street, 
Cambridge  Circus, 
Minerva  Street,  Ma- 
tilda Street,  Hope 
Street,  Temple  Street, 
Charles  Street,  Char- 
lotte Street,  Durham 
Street. 

Court  opposite  to  Cam- 
bridge Road. 


Nova  Scotia  Gardens. 


Virginia  Row,  York 
Street,  and  the  streets 
to  the  east. 

Rose  Court. 

Typen  Street 


A  centre  gutter  full  of  stagnant  water. 
Has  had  a  sewer  made  recently,  but 

houses  do  not  communicate  with  it. 
All  built  on  undrained  ground,  and  the 

houses  affected  with  damp. 


One  privy  to  several  houses,  and  mosses 
growing  on  the  damp  brick  of  the 
houses  to  the  height  of  4  or  5  feet 
from  the  ground. 

Several  feet  below  the  road  in  many 
parts,  the  drainage  of  which  it  re- 
ceives. (Here  lived  the  burkers  of 
the  Italian  boy.) 

Undrained,  having  stagnant  water  in 
them. 

Most  wretched  hovels. 
(Where  the  child  was  burnt.) 


APPENDIX. 


163 


Satchwell  Rents. 


Mount  Street. 


Courts    out 

Street. 


of    Mount 


Collingvvood  Street. 


The  privies  form  part  of  the  ground- 
floor  of  these  houses.  Lord  Ashley 
inspected  the  first  house  ;  no  yards. 

Level  of  the  houses  very  uneven  ;  many 
below  the  level  of  the  road.  The  un- 
drained  portion  of  this  street  suffered 
from  fever  to  an  awful  extent,  while 
the  high  and  drained  part  had 
scarcely  a  case. 

Dung- heap  in  one.  Lord  Ashley  saw 
the  landlord  of  another  and  spoke  to 
him. 

Houses  on  one  side  much  lower  than 
on  the  other;  very  badly  drained,  and 
not  a  healthy-looking  person  or  child 
in  the  street. 


i64  APPENDIX. 


APPENDIX    II. 


Recognition  of  the  Public  Services  of 
Dr  Southwood  Smith. 

At  a  Meeting  held  at  the  residence  of  the  Earl  of 
Shaftesbury  on  the  7th  of  May   1856 

It  was  resolved 

That  this  Meeting,  deeply  impressed  with  the 
untiring  and  successful  labours  of  Dr  Southwood  Smith 
in  the  cause  of  social  amelioration,  and  specially  recog- 
nising the  value  of  these  labours  in  the  great  cause  of 

Sanitary  Improvement, 

are  anxious  to  tender  him  some  mark  of  their  personal 
esteem.  That  accordingly  a  bust  of  Dr  Southwood 
Smith  be  executed  in  marble,  and  presented  to  some 
suitable  institution,  as  an  enduring  memorial  of  his 
eminent  services  in  the  promotion  of  the  Public  Health. 


APPENDIX. 


165 


The  following  is  a  List  of  the  Subscribers  : — 


Viscount  Palmerston,  K.G., 
G.C.B.,  First  Lord  of  the 
Treasury. 

The  Earl  of  Carlisle,  K.G.,  Lord 
Lieutenant  of  Ireland. 

The  Earl  of  Harrovvby,  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Duchy  of  Lan- 
caster. 

The  Marquis  of  Lansdowne, 
K.G. 

The  Marquis  of  Normanby, 
K.G.,  G.C.B.,  Ambassador  at 
Florence. 

The  Right  Honourable  W.  F. 
Cowper,  M.P.,  President  of 
the  Board  of  Health. 

Thomas  Graham,  Esq.,  F.R.S., 
Master  of  the  Mint. 

The  Duke  of  Buccleuch. 

The  Duke  of  Newcastle. 

The  Earl  of  Ellesmere. 

The  Earl  Fortescue,  K.G. 

The  Earl  of  St  Germans. 

The  Earl  of  Harrington. 

The  Earl  of  Shaftesbury. 

The  Lord  Bishop  of  London. 

The  Lord  Bishop  of  St  Asapli. 

The  Lord  Bishop  of  Ripon. 

The  Lord  Brougham  and  Vaux. 

The  Viscount  Ebrington,  M.P. 

The  Viscount  Goderich,  M.P. 

The  Lord  Robert  Grosvenor, 
M.P. 

The  Lord  Claude  Hamilton, 
M.P. 

The  Lord  Stanley  of  Bicker- 
staffe,  M.P. 


The    Honourable  A.    Kinnaird, 

M.P. 
Sir  Edward  Borough,  Bart. 
Sir  E.  N.  Buxton,  Bart. 
The    Rev.   Sir    H.   Dukinfield, 

•Bart. 
Sir  John  Easthope,  Bart. 
Sir  Ralph  Howard,  Bart. 
Sir  Samuel  Morton  Peto,  Bart. 
Sir  John  Ramsden,  Bart. 
Sir  Erskine  Perry,  Q.C.,  M.P. 
The  Lord  Mayor. 
The  Dean  of  Ely. 
Henry  Austin,  Esq. 

B.  G.  Babington,  Esq.,  M.D. 
Thomas  Baker,  Esq. 
Joseph  Bateman,  Esq.,  LL.D. 
John  Batten,  Esq. 

G.  Beaman,  Esq.,  M.D. 
Thomas  Bell,  Esq.,  F.R.S. 
Joseph  Brotherton,  Esq.,  M.P. 
Alexander  Browne,  Esq.,  M.D. 
A.  Collyer,  Esq. 
The  Rev.  J.  Gumming,  D.D. 
The  Rev.  R.  S.  Daniell,  M.A. 
Charles  Dickens,  Esq. 
John  Dillon,  Esq. 
William  Farr,  Esq.,  M.D. 
Arthur  Farre,  Esq.,  M.D. 
John  Finlaison,  Esq. 

C.  Gatlifif,  Esq. 

F.  D.  Goldsmid,  Esq. 

R.  D.  Grainger,  Esq.,  F.R.S. 

Samuel  Gurney,  Esq. 

J.  F.  Hart,  Esq. 

A.  Hassall,  Esq.,  M.D. 

James  Heywood,  Esq.,  M.P. 


i66 


APPENDIX. 


Rowland  Hill,  Esq. 

M.  D.  Hill,  Esq.,  Q.C. 

F.  Hill,  Esq. 

A.  Hill,  Esq. 

E.  Hill,  Esq. 

Gurney  Hoare,  Esq. 

P.  H.  Holland,  Esq. 

T.  Jones  Howell,  Esq. 

The  Rev.  Charles  Hume,  M.A. 

R.  W.  Kennard,  Esq. 

Duncan  M'Laren,  Esq. 

J.  Leslie,  Esq. 

Waller     Lewis,     Esq.,     M.B., 

F.G.S. 
C.  Z.  Macau  lay,  Esq. 
J.  J.  Mechi,  Esq. 
R.  Monckton  Milnes,  Esq.,  M.P. 


Gavin  Milroy,  Esq.,  M.D, 

James  Morrison,  Esq. 

Professor  Owen,  F.R.S. 

Tucker  Radford,  Esq.,  M.D. 

Robert  Rawlinson,  Esq. 

J.  A.  Roebuck,  Esq.,  M.P. 

W.  Rogers,  Esq. 

S.  S.  Scriven,  Esq, 

R.  A.  Slaney,  Esq.,  M.P. 

J.  J.  Smith  Esq. 

James  Startin,  Esq. 

John  Sutherland,  Esq.,  M.D. 

Thomas  Thornely,  Esq.,  M.P. 

John  Thwaites,  Esq. 

J.  W.  Tottie,  Esq. 

Thomas  Tooke,  Esq.,  F.R.S. 

E.  Westall,  Esq.^ 


^  It  will  be  seen  that  a  very  large  number  of  tlie  names  on  this  list 
are  those  of  men  who  had  personally  worked  with  my  grandfather  or 
had  watched  and  helped  as  labourers  in  the  Sanitary  cause  from  the 
beginning. — G.  L. 


INDEX. 


Ashley,  Lord,  visits  Bethnal  Green 
and  Whitechapel  with  Dr  South- 
wood  Smith,  70 — his  Bill  relating 
to  child  labour  in  mines  passed, 
75- 

Bentham,  Jeremy,  death  of,  43 — Dr 
Soulhwood  Smith  delivers  oration 
on,  45. 

"Body-snatching,"  agitation  in  con- 
nection with,  36. 

Bristol,  Dr  Southwood  Smith  edu- 
cated at  Baptist  College  in,  7. 

"  Broadmead  Benefaction,"  Dr 
Southwood  .Smith  holds  the,   7. 

Brougham,  Lord,  letter  from,  133. 

Chadwick,  Mr  Edwin,  member  of 
Factory  Commission,  53 — reports 
on  the  sanitary  condition  of  the 
labouring  population,  105. 

Children,  employment  of,  in  fact- 
ories, 49  et  seq. 

"  Children's  Employment  Commis- 
sion," Dr  Southwood  Smith  a 
member  of,  73 — report  by,  ib. — 
report  on  "Trades  and  Manu- 
factures," 76. 

Cholera,  house  -  to  -  house  visitation 
as    a    preventive    cure    of,    132, 

133- 
Christie,  Miss  Mary,  marriage  of  Dr 
Southwood  Smith  to,  16. 

Dickens,  Charles,  speech  by,  82 — 


joins  in  performance  for  the  bene- 
fit of  "  The  Sanatorium,"  84 — 
letters  from,  85,  86,  87,  89,  90,  91 
—letter  to,  88. 

Edinburgh,  Dr  Southwood  Smith 
enters  University  as  medical  stu- 
dent, 9— lectures  in  Philosophical 
Institution,  141. 

Education,  article  on,  36. 

"Epidemics,"  lecture  on,  141. 

Factories,  need  for  reform  in,  49  et 
seq.  —  Factory  Commission  ap- 
pointed, 53  —  report  by,  54  et 
seq. — Factory  Act,  1833,  passed, 
57 — return  showing  working  of 
educational  provisions  of  Act, 
58. 

'  Factory  System,  The  Curse  of  the,' 
by  M.  Fielden,  M.P.,  quoted,  51. 

"  General  Board  of  Health,"  Dr 
Southwood  Smith  appointed  to, 
127 — work  on,  132  et  seq. — report 
on  "  A  General  Scheme  for  Extra- 
mural Sepulture,"  133  —  Board 
discontinued,  136. 

Gillies,  Mr,  Dr  Southwood  Smith 
becomes  acquainted  with,  48. 

lialiburton,  Hon.  D.  G.,  letter  to, 

15- 
"  Health  of  Towns  Association,"  98 
— founding  of,  107. 


i68 


INDEX. 


"  Health   of   Towns    Commission," 

105. 
Highgate,    Dr   Southwood    Smith's 

home  at,  94  e^  seq. 

'  Illustrations  of  the  Divine  Govern- 
ment,' publication  of,  12 — fourtli 
edition  of,  13  —  quotation  from 
preface  to,  ib. 

Inglis,  Sir  Robert  Harry,  M.P., 
quoted,  99. 

Italy,  travels  in,  147,  148. 

Jeffrey,  Lord,  quoted,  33. 
Kentish  Town,  life  at,  3  et  seq. 

Lincoln,  Lord,  introduces  a  Sanitary 
Reform  Bill,  no. 

London,  Bishop  of,  moves  in  House 
of  Lords  for  extension  of  Poor 
*Law  Board  inquiries,  71. 

London,  Dr  Southwood  Smith  re- 
moves to,  16 — report  on  eastern 
districts  of,  61  et  seq. 

RLaclean,  Dr,  referred  to,  18. 

Martock,  Dr  Southwood  Smith  born 
at,  7. 

"Metropolitan  Association  for  Im- 
proving the  Dwellings  of  the  In- 
dustrious Classes,"  founding  of,  93. 

"  Metropolitan  Sanitary  Commis- 
sion"  appointed,  122. 

Mines,  child  labour  in,  73. 

"Model  Dwellings,"  building  of 
first,  94. 

Morpeth,  Lord,  quoted,  100 — brings 
forwanl  Bill  for  "Improving  the 
Health  of  Towns  in  England,"  122 
et  seq. — letter  to,  128. 

Normanby,  Marquis  of,  visits  Beth- 
nal  Green  and  Whitechapel  with 
Dr  Southwood  Smith, 69 — referred 
to,  100  —  his  "  Drainage  of 
Buildings  Bill,"  104. 

'Origin  and  Progress  of  Sanitary  Re- 
form,' by  T.  Jones  Howell,  quoted, 
32. 


Palmerston,    Viscount,  letter  from, 

137- 

'  Penny  Encyclopsedia,'  Dr  South- 
wood  Smith  contributes  to,  36. 

'Philosophy  of  Health,  The,'  47— 
revision  of,  140. 

Procter,  Adelaide,  quotation  from, 

ISO. 
PubUc  Health  Act,  1848,  passed,  126. 

"Quarantine  Laws,"  articles  on,  31. 

Read,  Miss  Anne,  attachment  of  Dr 

Southwood  Smith  to,  8 — marriage 

of,  9 — death  of,  ib. 
Recognition  of  public  services  of  Dr 

Southwood  Smith,  143,  162. 
"  Report  on  the  Physical  Causes  of 

Sickness  and  Mortality,"  &c.,  61 

— extracts  from,  ib.  et  seq. 
' '  Report  on  the  Prevalence  of  Fever 

in  Twenty  Metropolitan  Unions  in 

1838,"  68. 
'  Results  of  Sanitary  Improvement,' 

publication  of,  141. 
Ryland,  Dr,  reference  to,  8. 

Sanatorium,  founding  of  the,  81. 

Sanitary  Reform,  Dr  Southwood 
Smith's  first  writings  on,  17 — 
beginning  of  the  movement  for, 
60  et  seq. — struggle  fur,  102  et  seq. 
— Parliamentary  Committee  ap- 
pointed, 103 — Mr  Chadwick's  re- 
port, 105 — "Health  of  Towns 
Commission,"  ib. — "  Public  Health 
Act,  1848,"  passed,  126. 

Shaftesbury,  Lord,  letter  from,  142 
— quotation  from  diary  of,  153. 

Slaney,  Mr,  M.P.,  quoted,  99 — ob- 
tains committee  to  inquire  into 
sanitary  state  of  large  towns  in 
England,  103. 

Smith,  Caroline  Southwood,  9. 

Smith,  Emily  Southwood,  9. 

Smith,  Dr  Thomas  Southwood, 
author's  recollections  of,  i  et  seq. 
— birth  and  early  years,  7 — his 
education  and  preparation  for  the 
ministry,  //'. — cast  off  by  his  family 
on  account  of  religious  views,  8 — 


INDEX. 


169 


attachment  to  Miss  Anne  Read, 
ib.  —  marriage,  9  —  death  of  his 
wife,  ib. — decides  to  study  medi- 
cine and  enters  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity, ib.  —  conducts  religious 
services  in  Edinburgh,  10 — writes 
his  '  Illustrations  of  the  Divine 
Government,'  12 — starts  practice 
at  Yeovil,  14 — removes  to  London, 
16  —  second  marriage,  ib.  —  ap- 
pointed physician  to  the  London 
Fever  Hospital,  the  Eastern  Dis- 
pensary, and  the  Jews'  Hospital, 
ib.  —  his  first  writings  on  the 
"  Sanitary  Question,"  17 — pub- 
lishes his  '  Treatise  on  Fever,'  24 
— house  at  Trinity  Square  broken 
up,  35 — contributes  to  the  '  Penny 
Encyclopaedia,'  36  —  assists  in 
founding  the  'Westminster  Re- 
view,' ib. — publishes  pamphlet  on 
'  The  Use  of  the  Dead  to  the 
Living,'  40  —  lectures  at  Webb 
Street  School  of  Anatomy,  42 — 
delivers  popular  lectures  at  London 
Institution  and  elsewhere,  43 — 
his  oration  on  Jeremy  Bentham, 
46 — publishes  '  The  Philosophy  of 
Health,'  47  —  appointed  to  the 
Factory  Commission,  53 — reports 
to  the  Poor  Law  Commissioners 
on  eastern  districts  of  London,  61 
— member  of  "  Children's  Em- 
ployment Commission,"  73 — as- 
sists in  founding  "The  Sana- 
torium," 81 — correspondence  with 
Charles  Dickens,  85  et  seq. — forms 
the  ' '  Metropolitan  Association  for 
Improving  the  Dwellings  of  the 
Industrious  Classes,"  93 — removes 
to    Highgate,    94  —  founds    the 


"Health  of  Towns  Association," 
98,  107 — his  efforts  on  behalf  of 
Sanitary  Reform,  102  et  seq. — 
issues  an  "Address  to  the  Working 
Classes,"  11 1 — is  appointed  mem- 
ber of  the  "  Metropolitan  Sanitary 
Commission,"  122 — appointed  to 
General  Board  of  Health,  127 — 
letter  to  Lord  Morpeth,  128 — re- 
tires from  public  life,  139 — revises 
'  The  Philosophy  of  Health,'  140 
— writes  pamphlet  on  '  Results  of 
Sanitary  Improvement,'  141  — 
lectures  on  "  Epidemics  "  at  Edin- 
burgh, ib. — receives  public  recog- 
nition of  his  services,  143 — travels 
in  Italy,  147 — death  of  his  wife, 
148 — returns  to  Italy,  ib. — death, 
ib. 

Taylor,  Mr,  letter  from,  157. 

Tooke,  Mr,  member  of  Factory 
Commission,  53. 

'Treatise  on  Fever,'  publication  of, 
24  —  opinion  of  '  The  Medico- 
Chirurgical  Review '  on,  ib.  — 
quotations  from,  25  et  seq,,  30. 

'  Use  of  the  Dead  to  the  Living, 
The,'  40. 

'Westminster  Review,'  Dr  South- 
wood  Smith's  contributions  to,  17 
— founding  of,  36. 

Workhouses,  Dr  Southwood  Smith 
draws  attention  to  state  of,  66. 

Yeovil,  Dr  Southwood  Smith  begins 
practice  and  fakes  charge  of  con- 
gregation at,  14 — leaves  for  Lon- 
don, 16. 


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20  List  of  Books  Published  by 

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William  Blackwood  and  Sons.  31 


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MINTO. 

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Characteristics  of  English  Poets,  from  Chaucer  to  Shirley. 

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22  List  of  Books  Published  by 


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MYERS.      A  Manual  of   Classical   Geography.      By  John  L. 

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William  Blackwood  and  Sons.  23 


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